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micro exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in living cells

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2
Q

catabolic reaction

A

bonds in large molecule are broken to form small molecules.

Ex. Energy for synthesis of ATP

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3
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

small molecules joined by bonds to form small molecules, requires input of Energy from hydrolysis of ATP.

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4
Q

ATP

A

the energy storage molecule/currency of cells, used to do useful work

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5
Q

why are anabolic and catabolic reactions interdependent?

A

energy from catabolic is useful of anabolic reaction

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6
Q

metabolic pathway

A

sequence/series of chemical reactions

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7
Q

enzymes

A

large proteins that act as biological catalysts, substances that speed up.
ex. increase the rate of chemical reactions in living organisms by lowering the activation energy

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8
Q

How are enzymes specific for their substrate

A

active site

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9
Q

do all enzymes end in -ase?

A

no, pepsin/trypsin

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10
Q

enzymes work best(reaction rate/enzymatic activity peaks)

A

at optimal temp. and Ph

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11
Q

when enzymes in microorganisms are subjected to denaturing agents such radiation, heat, 70% alcohol, strong acid or strong bases, what happens?

A

DENATURATION

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12
Q

denaturation

A

change in protein 3D shape and function

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13
Q

when microorganisms are subjected to refrigerator or freezing temp. enzymatic activity(reaction rate) declines causing?

A

microbial metabolism and growth to be slowed and inhibited

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14
Q

Holoenzymes

A

are activated, whole enzymes, once inactive apoenzyme combine with coenzyme activator.

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15
Q

Co-enzyme

A

are organic factors,

ex: NAD or FAD, derived from vitamins, such as B vitamins

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16
Q

Purpose of NAD and FAD in cellular respiration

A

produce a lot of ATP during the last stage of cellular respiration

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17
Q

are co-factors associated with all enzymes

A

no

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18
Q

catabolic pathways

A

type of pathway in cells of living organisms that serves to break down and oxidize glucose or other nutrients in order to synthesize ATP in cells of living organisms

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19
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

type of catabolic pathway used to break down and oxidize glucose or other organic nutrients(ex. fats, proteins) in the presence of o2 to release energy for the synthesize ATP

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20
Q

Transition step

A

2 pyretic acid—-> 2 acetyl Co-A + 2 NADH + 2 Co2

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21
Q

Krebs cycle

A

2 Acetyl Co-A—-> 4 Co2 + 2ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2

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22
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation(ETC)

A

10 NADH + 2 FADH2 oxidized -> e-s passed along ETC —> 32-34 ATP + 6 H2O

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23
Q

Glycolysis

A

glucose(split) —> 2 pyruvic acid + 2NADH + 2ATP(pyruvate is end product; NADH & ATP are by-products)

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24
Q

What is the final electron acceptor molecule of the ETC in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

OXYGEN

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25
Anaerobic cellular respiration
is similar to aerobic respiration except the final electron acceptor is different. The final electron acceptor is NITRATE, CARBON, SULFATE
26
Fermentation(Anaerobic glycolysis)
the breakdown of glucose or other sugar in the absence of O2. Which yields less energy than cellular respiration. only 2 ATP. Does not use kerb cycle or ETC.
27
Fermentation(by product/end product)
glucose(split) ----> 2 pyruvic acid ---> acids, alcohol, gases(Co2), NAD+, 2ATP
28
What is the final electron acceptor molecule of the fermentation pathway
acid and alcohol(both are organic)
29
enzymes found in bacterial or yeast cells ferment sugars in fruits, vegetables, grains or milk into alcohol or acids. list general uses fermentation.
- alcohol beverages - dairy products - spoilage of food
30
nutritional groups
categories into which organisms are placed based on their energy and carbon source required for growth
31
photoautotrophs
- use sunlight as energy source - Co2 as C source - glucose + 02(photosynthetic organisms)
32
chemoheterotrophs
- use organic compounds | - ex. glucose as E and C source, needed for ATP synthesis
33
chemoheterotroph
- divided into 2 groups | - depending upon where they live and obtain their food
34
saprophytes
-free living bacteria or fungi in soil, water or air which compose
35
symbionts
microbes that live in close relationships with their host, a process called symbiosis
36
3 types of symbiotic relationships
1. paratism 2. mutalism 3. commensalism
37
parasitism
microbe benefits and host is harmed
38
commensalism
- most common | - microbe benefits and host is uneffective
39
mutualism
both microbe and host benefits from the relationship
40
normal flora
- referes to all the symbiotic microbes that adapt to, colonize and become permanent residents of our skin & MM. - transient flora: temporary residents that are quickly lost by host defenses
41
how do saprophytes become facultative parasites(opportunists)?
-host immunocompromised moist warm environment(condition favorable for growth) or host is in weakened state
42
4 ways members of our normal flora can become pathogenic parasites(opportunist)?
1. host is immunocompromised 2. Displacement: microbes in body location where they do not normally reside 3. Access to sterile tissues: microbes gain direct access to sterile tissue fluids beneath the skin or mucous membranes through a wound. ex. surgery, cut, excoriation, or burn 4. Overgrowth: over-use of antibiotics suppresses normal flora growth, and allow resistant microbes, such as candida albicans or clostridium difficile to overgrow, resulting in super-infections
43
inoculation
the transfer of culture from one medium to another
44
pure culture
one organisms is present
45
mixed culture/specimen
2 or more different organisms present; 2 types: clinical and non-clincial
46
contamination
the presence of unwanted organisms
47
incubation
allows bacteria to grow at a certain temp and gaseous environment
48
isolation
to separate out one organism from a mixture
49
morphological characteristics of colonies used for ID
size, shape, color, margin, texture
50
solid media
a nutrient broth to which agar has been added. growth appears in colonies
51
liquid media
a nutrient broth or other solution. growth appears cloudiness(turbidity), graininess, puffballs
52
transmittance
amt of light passed thru bacterial suspension
53
absorbance
amt of light absorbed/ blocked by suspension
54
turbidity(cloudiness)
using spectrophotometer: instrument used to measure turbidity(cloudiness) of solution, indicative of ant. of light passed thru bacterial suspension.
55
culture media
a nutrient preparation used in the lab to grow most microbes, esp. bacteria and fungi
56
streak plate method
used to isolate pure colonies from from a mixed clinical specimen
57
viable plate count
colonies on agar plate are counted to determine # of bacteria cells in initial liquid sample
58
direct microscope count
microbes are counted in a measured volume of liquid on microscope glass slides 2 disadvantages: dead cells and clumping of cells advantage: no incubation period
59
lag
bacterial cells are actively metabolizing nutrients - increase in size - but no increase in cell growth and thus no increase in curve
60
stationary
growth rate and curve levels off b/c # of bacterial cells dividing = number of bacterial cells dying
61
log
bacterial cells are increasing in number exponentially, growth and curve increase
62
death
number of bacterial cells dying outnumber new cells dividing, growth rate and curve decline
63
microbal growth
- reproduction - cell division - increase in number of cells
64
binary fission
cells splits into 2 cells w/ identical DNA(bacterial cell)
65
generation time
time required for a single cell or population of cells to divide, double in number.
66
average growth rate(generation time) for most bacteria is ?
20-30min
67
growth rate for mycobacterium tuberculosis?
12-24hrs

HFCN (8 decks)

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