Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HFCN > micro exam 2 > Flashcards

micro exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

catabolic reaction

A

bonds in large molecule are broken to form small molecules.

Ex. Energy for synthesis of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

small molecules joined by bonds to form small molecules, requires input of Energy from hydrolysis of ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ATP

A

the energy storage molecule/currency of cells, used to do useful work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why are anabolic and catabolic reactions interdependent?

A

energy from catabolic is useful of anabolic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

metabolic pathway

A

sequence/series of chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

enzymes

A

large proteins that act as biological catalysts, substances that speed up.
ex. increase the rate of chemical reactions in living organisms by lowering the activation energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are enzymes specific for their substrate

A

active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

do all enzymes end in -ase?

A

no, pepsin/trypsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

enzymes work best(reaction rate/enzymatic activity peaks)

A

at optimal temp. and Ph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when enzymes in microorganisms are subjected to denaturing agents such radiation, heat, 70% alcohol, strong acid or strong bases, what happens?

A

DENATURATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

denaturation

A

change in protein 3D shape and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when microorganisms are subjected to refrigerator or freezing temp. enzymatic activity(reaction rate) declines causing?

A

microbial metabolism and growth to be slowed and inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Holoenzymes

A

are activated, whole enzymes, once inactive apoenzyme combine with coenzyme activator.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Co-enzyme

A

are organic factors,

ex: NAD or FAD, derived from vitamins, such as B vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Purpose of NAD and FAD in cellular respiration

A

produce a lot of ATP during the last stage of cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

are co-factors associated with all enzymes

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

catabolic pathways

A

type of pathway in cells of living organisms that serves to break down and oxidize glucose or other nutrients in order to synthesize ATP in cells of living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

type of catabolic pathway used to break down and oxidize glucose or other organic nutrients(ex. fats, proteins) in the presence of o2 to release energy for the synthesize ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Transition step

A

2 pyretic acid—-> 2 acetyl Co-A + 2 NADH + 2 Co2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Krebs cycle

A

2 Acetyl Co-A—-> 4 Co2 + 2ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation(ETC)

A

10 NADH + 2 FADH2 oxidized -> e-s passed along ETC —> 32-34 ATP + 6 H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Glycolysis

A

glucose(split) —> 2 pyruvic acid + 2NADH + 2ATP(pyruvate is end product; NADH & ATP are by-products)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the final electron acceptor molecule of the ETC in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

OXYGEN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration

A

is similar to aerobic respiration except the final electron acceptor is different. The final electron acceptor is NITRATE, CARBON, SULFATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fermentation(Anaerobic glycolysis)

A

the breakdown of glucose or other sugar in the absence of O2. Which yields less energy than cellular respiration. only 2 ATP. Does not use kerb cycle or ETC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fermentation(by product/end product)

A

glucose(split) —-> 2 pyruvic acid —> acids, alcohol, gases(Co2), NAD+, 2ATP

28
Q

What is the final electron acceptor molecule of the fermentation pathway

A

acid and alcohol(both are organic)

29
Q

enzymes found in bacterial or yeast cells ferment sugars in fruits, vegetables, grains or milk into alcohol or acids. list general uses fermentation.

A
  • alcohol beverages
  • dairy products
  • spoilage of food
30
Q

nutritional groups

A

categories into which organisms are placed based on their energy and carbon source required for growth

31
Q

photoautotrophs

A
  • use sunlight as energy source
  • Co2 as C source
  • glucose + 02(photosynthetic organisms)
32
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A
  • use organic compounds

- ex. glucose as E and C source, needed for ATP synthesis

33
Q

chemoheterotroph

A
  • divided into 2 groups

- depending upon where they live and obtain their food

34
Q

saprophytes

A

-free living bacteria or fungi in soil, water or air which compose

35
Q

symbionts

A

microbes that live in close relationships with their host, a process called symbiosis

36
Q

3 types of symbiotic relationships

A
  1. paratism
  2. mutalism
  3. commensalism
37
Q

parasitism

A

microbe benefits and host is harmed

38
Q

commensalism

A
  • most common

- microbe benefits and host is uneffective

39
Q

mutualism

A

both microbe and host benefits from the relationship

40
Q

normal flora

A
  • referes to all the symbiotic microbes that adapt to, colonize and become permanent residents of our skin & MM.
  • transient flora: temporary residents that are quickly lost by host defenses
41
Q

how do saprophytes become facultative parasites(opportunists)?

A

-host immunocompromised moist warm environment(condition favorable for growth) or host is in weakened state

42
Q

4 ways members of our normal flora can become pathogenic parasites(opportunist)?

A
  1. host is immunocompromised
  2. Displacement: microbes in body location where they do not normally reside
  3. Access to sterile tissues: microbes gain direct access to sterile tissue fluids beneath the skin or mucous membranes through a wound.
    ex. surgery, cut, excoriation, or burn
  4. Overgrowth: over-use of antibiotics suppresses normal flora growth, and allow resistant microbes, such as candida albicans or clostridium difficile to overgrow, resulting in super-infections
43
Q

inoculation

A

the transfer of culture from one medium to another

44
Q

pure culture

A

one organisms is present

45
Q

mixed culture/specimen

A

2 or more different organisms present; 2 types: clinical and non-clincial

46
Q

contamination

A

the presence of unwanted organisms

47
Q

incubation

A

allows bacteria to grow at a certain temp and gaseous environment

48
Q

isolation

A

to separate out one organism from a mixture

49
Q

morphological characteristics of colonies used for ID

A

size, shape, color, margin, texture

50
Q

solid media

A

a nutrient broth to which agar has been added. growth appears in colonies

51
Q

liquid media

A

a nutrient broth or other solution. growth appears cloudiness(turbidity), graininess, puffballs

52
Q

transmittance

A

amt of light passed thru bacterial suspension

53
Q

absorbance

A

amt of light absorbed/ blocked by suspension

54
Q

turbidity(cloudiness)

A

using spectrophotometer: instrument used to measure turbidity(cloudiness) of solution, indicative of ant. of light passed thru bacterial suspension.

55
Q

culture media

A

a nutrient preparation used in the lab to grow most microbes, esp. bacteria and fungi

56
Q

streak plate method

A

used to isolate pure colonies from from a mixed clinical specimen

57
Q

viable plate count

A

colonies on agar plate are counted to determine # of bacteria cells in initial liquid sample

58
Q

direct microscope count

A

microbes are counted in a measured volume of liquid on microscope glass slides

2 disadvantages: dead cells and clumping of cells

advantage: no incubation period

59
Q

lag

A

bacterial cells are actively metabolizing nutrients

  • increase in size
  • but no increase in cell growth and thus no increase in curve
60
Q

stationary

A

growth rate and curve levels off b/c # of bacterial cells dividing = number of bacterial cells dying

61
Q

log

A

bacterial cells are increasing in number exponentially, growth and curve increase

62
Q

death

A

number of bacterial cells dying outnumber new cells dividing, growth rate and curve decline

63
Q

microbal growth

A
  • reproduction
  • cell division
  • increase in number of cells
64
Q

binary fission

A

cells splits into 2 cells w/ identical DNA(bacterial cell)

65
Q

generation time

A

time required for a single cell or population of cells to divide, double in number.

66
Q

average growth rate(generation time) for most bacteria is ?

A

20-30min

67
Q

growth rate for mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

12-24hrs

HFCN (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions