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HFCN > Nervous System(Chapter 14) > Flashcards

Nervous System(Chapter 14) Flashcards

1
Q

Brain

A
  • major organizing and processing center of the NS
  • site of consciousness, sensations,memory,intellect, coordination and control of complex muscle movements
  • outer layer gray matter(cortex)=consist of nuclei of neurons,
  • inner layer white matter (tracts)=consist of myelinated axons of neurons
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2
Q

developmental patter of the brain

A

-brain and spinal cord arise from embryological tissue(ectoderm) beginning as a hollow, neural tube

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3
Q

4 main parts of the brain

A

1) Cerebrum: largest anterior portion of brain, divided into R & L cerebral hemispheres
2) Diencephalon: (interbrain) consists of the hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus and the pineal gland.
3) Cerebellum: (little brain) 2nd largest part of the brain, also divided into R&L cerebellar hemispheres
4) Brainstem: (lower brain) consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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4
Q

Meninges(3 protective membranes that surround the brain)

-Dura Mater

A
  • Dura Mater
  • 2 fused layers:
  • outer periosteal(endosteal) layer: adherent to cranial bone
  • inner meningeal layer: 2 layers separated by space containing interstitial fluid and cerebral blood vessels, including a few large dural venous sinuses
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5
Q

Dural sinuses

A
  • venous channels found between layers of dura mater in the brain.
  • they receive blood from the internal and external veins of the brain
  • receive CSF from the subarachnoid space
  • then empty into the internal jugular vein
  • dural venous sinuses have no tunica media
  • no valves
  • csf found in subarachnoid space
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6
Q

Dural folds

A

-inward extensions of dura mater that hold the brain in position and contain dural venous sinuses

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7
Q

3 major dural folds

A

Falx cerebri: lies btw the 2 cerebral hemispheres(IN the longitudinal fissure)
Falx cerebelli: lies btw the 2 cerebellar hemispheres
Tentorium Cerebelli: located btw cerebrum and cerebellum(in the transverse fissure)

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8
Q

Arachnoid mater

A
  • Subarachnoid space- contains CSF around brain and spinal cord
  • arachnoid granulations(villi)- knoblike projections of the arachnoid.
  • Function: absorb CSF from subarachnoid space and empty it into sagittal sinus
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9
Q

Pia mater

A
  • a thin, vascular membrane that adheres to the convolutions of the brain via astrocyte processes
  • supplies nutrients 02 to the surface of brain
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10
Q

Cerebrum

A

-largest and most anterior portion of the brain
-consist of outer gray matter(cortex nuclei and inner white matter)
Function: site of conscious perception of somatic sensations, voluntary muscle movements, memory, intellect and personality
-somatic sensation: perssure, temp, pain, conscious memory
-R/L cerebral hemispheres
-olfactory bulbs- inferior aspect- contain sensory fibers from nose
-optic chiasma(anterior to pituitary)-optic nerves from retaina of eye cross over at optic chiasma

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11
Q

gyri(gyrus)

A
  • ridges or convolutions of gray matter(cortex)

- ex: precentral and post cendtral gyrus

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12
Q

fissures/sulci

A
  • deep/shallow grooves btw gyro of gray matter

- increase surface area of he cortex and separate each hemisphere into 4 lobes

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13
Q

central sulcus

A

-btw frontal and parietal lobes

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14
Q

precentral gyrus

A
  • anterior to centeral sulcus

- CONTAINS PRIMARY MOTOR AREA of cerebral cortex

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15
Q

lateral cerebral sulcus

A
  • separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
  • 5th lobe lies within this sulcus
  • insula-part of limbic system
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16
Q

parietal-occipital sulcus

A

-separates parietal from the occipital lobe

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17
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

-separates the cerebrum into r and left hemisphere, falx cerebri dura fold lies here

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18
Q

postcentral gyrus

A
  • posterior to the central sulcus

- contains primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex

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19
Q

transverse fissure

A
  • along with tenorium cerebelli
  • supports the posterior part of cerebrum
  • separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum
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20
Q

cerebrum(4 lobes)

A
  • frontal lobe-btw central suclus and lateral cerebral fissure
  • occipital lobe-posterior to parieto-occipital fissure
  • partietal lobe-posterior to central sulcus(anterior to parieto-occipital lobe)
  • temporal lobe- inferior to the lateral cerebral fissures
  • insula-5th lobe of the brain and part of the limbic system, located beneath parts of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
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21
Q

Cerebral white matter tracts(3)

formed by myelinated axons

A

1) Association: transmit impulses btw gyri of same cerebral hemisphere

2) Commissural- horizontal tracts: transmit impulses btw gyri of right and left hemispheres
Ex: corpus callousum(largest), anterior and posterior commissures

3) Projection- transmit impulses from cerebrum to lower CNS(thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord)
ex: internal capsule: thick band that contains ascending and descending axons

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22
Q

Function org of cerebral cortex

-sensory areas

A

-sensory areas involved in perception(conscious awareness of sensation)

23
Q

primary somatosensory area(post central gyrus, areas 1,2,3)

-sensory area

A
  • receives sensory information from receptors in skin to localize points of body for light touch, pressure, pain or temp, and proprioception(join.muscle position).
  • map of entire body is present here
  • a larger regions of it receives impulses from lips.fingers than from the thorax or hip(sensory homunculus)
24
Q

Primary visual area( occiputal lobe, area 17)

-sensory area

A
  • receieves impulses along fibers from retina via thalamus, perceives current visual image
  • destruction of this area results in blindness
25
Q

Primary Auditory area(superior temporal grus)

-sensory area

A
  • superior part of the temporal lobe
  • receives impulses from cochlea(inner ear)
  • via thalamus for hearing sounds(pitch and rhythm)
  • association area recognizes sounds such as speech, music or noise
26
Q

Primary Olfactory Area(medial surface of temporal lobe)

-sensory area

A
  • receives impulses from olfactory receptors in nasal cavity for recognition of various odors
  • tumors in the area causes client to experience pleasant or unpleasant ordors
27
Q

Primary gustatory area(postcentral gyrus in parital cortex)

-sensory area

A

-receives impulses from taste buds and is involves in gustatory perception and taste discrimination

28
Q

Function org of cerebral cortex

-motor area

A

-control execution of voluntary movements

29
Q

primary motor area(AREA 4- precentral gyrus of frontal lobe)

-motor area

A
  • has map of entire body
  • controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscle groups
  • more cortical area devoted to fingers than toes(motor homunculus)
30
Q

Motor (Brocas) speech area(AREA 44.45)

-motor area

A
  • plannining and production of speech
  • control muscles of larynx,pharynx,mouth and breathing muscles
  • CVA or damage in this area results in confluent aphasia or expressive aphasia(inability to tom or articulate words
  • nonfluent aphasia
  • expressive aphasia
  • motor aphasia
  • broca=brooken speech(way to remember)
31
Q

Function org of cerebral cortex

-association area

A
  • large areas pf all 4 lobes anterior to motor area
  • connected with one another by association tracts.
  • deal with integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality traits, and intelligence
32
Q

Somatosensory association area

-association area

A
  • posterior to the somatosensory area
  • determine shape and texture of objects by feeling it
  • determine orientation of one object to another
  • relationship of one body part to another
  • enables compare current sensation with past experiences
33
Q

Premotor area

-association area

A
  • association area anterior to primary motor area
  • controls learned motor skills of complex and sequential nature and causes contraction of specific groups of muscles in a specific sequence
  • typing, playing piano, writing or reading
34
Q 
wernicke area(left temporal/parietal lobes)
-association area
A
  • left temporal and parietal lobes
  • interprets the meaning of speech
  • understanding
  • verbal communication by adding emotions, such as joy or anger, to spoken words
  • CVA or damage in this area results in fluent aphasia or receptive aphasia, inability to understand spoken or written words
  • word salad: string of words with no meaning
  • person can speak but cannot arrange words in coherent fashion
35
Q

Prefrontal cortex(frontal association area)

A
  • anterior to frontal lobe
  • involve reasoning, intelligence, judgement, planning for the future
  • conscience, recall of information
  • complex learning, foresight, intuition, mood, development of abstract ideas and personality
36
Q

Common integrative area

A

-functions by integrating information to form thoughts and dictate an appropriate response

37
Q

Hemispheric lateralization(LEFT)

A
  • receives somatic sensory signals from and controls muscles on right side of body
  • controls muscles on right side of body
  • reasoning
  • numerical and scientific skills
  • ability to use and understand sign language
  • spoken and written language
38
Q

Hemispheric lateralization(RIGHT)

A
  • Receives somatic sensory signals from and controls muscles on left side of body
  • musical and artistic awareness
  • space and pattern perception
  • recognition of faces and emotional content of facial expressions
  • generating emotional content of language
  • generating mental images to compare spatial relationships
  • identifying and discriminating among odors
39
Q

Basal Nuclei

A
  • paired masses of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere
  • globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus
  • inititate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements and regulate muscle tone
  • produce the inhibitory neurotransmitter dopamine
40
Q

Limbic system(emotional brain)

A
  • ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon
  • governs emotional aspect of the brain
  • functions in emotional aspects of behavior and memory and is associate with pleasure and pain
  • involved in olfaction
  • includes:
  • cingulate gyrus
  • hippocampus
  • dentate gryus
  • amygdala
  • mammillary bodies
  • thalamus
  • olfactory bulb

*(hippo mammal) has teeth(dent) w/friensds (amy, thala,olga) all are (cingul)

41
Q

Diencephalon

A

-it surrounds the 3rd ventricle and consist of thalamus, hypothalamus, circumventricular organs and epithalamus

-

42
Q

Diencephalon(thalamus/relay station)

A
  • relay station for all sensory impulses

- located superior to the midbrain and contains nuclei

43
Q

Diencephalon(hypothalamus)

A
  • found inferior to the thalamus, had four major regions(mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, and pre optic)
  • major regulators of homeostasis
  • regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns
  • eating and drinking through the feeding center, satiety center, and thirst center
  • thermostat of body- it aids in controlling body temp
  • it controls ANS
  • produces releasing and inhibiting hormones, oxytocin, and ADH
  • regulates circadian rhythms and states of consciousness
44
Q

Diencephalon(epithalamus)

A
  • lies superior and posterior to the thalamus and contains the pineal gland and the habenular nuclei
  • pineal gland secrets melatonin
  • habenular nuclei are involved in olfaction, especially emotional responses to odors
45
Q

Diencephalon(circumventricular organs)

A
  • monitor chemical changes in the blood because they lack a blood-brain barrier
  • cvo includes parts of the hypothalamus, the pineal gland, and pituitary gland
  • function to coordinate homeostatic activities of the endocrine and nervous system
  • site of entry into the brain of HIV
46
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • coordination of skeletal muscle contractions-

- may have role in cognition and language processing

47
Q

Brain stem and reticular formation

A
  • parts btw spinal cord and diencephalon
  • midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
  • extending throughout the brainstem is reticular formation; netlike region of gray and white matter
48
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • continuous with upper portion of spinal cord

- contain both sensory and motor tracts

49
Q

structural region of medulla

A
  • bulges of white matter called pyramids on the anterior aspect formed by corticospinal tracts
  • decussation of pyramids results in neurons in the left cerebral cortex controlling skeletal muscles on the right side of the body and vice versa
  • olive lateral to each pyramid containing inferior olivary nucleus
  • nucleus provides instructions for cerebellum to make adjustments to muscle activity as you learn new motor skills
  • right and left gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus
  • posterior column tracts form synapses in these nuclei
  • postsynaptic neurons then relay sensory information to the thalamus on the opposite side of the brain
  • axons ascent to the thalamus in white matter called medial lemniscus
  • posterior column pathway end in nuclei medial lemniscus pathway
  • nuclei are components of sensory pathways for gustation, hearing, equilibrium
  • contains cranial nerves 8-12
50
Q

medulla oblongata(function)

A
  • cardiovascular center
  • regulate rate and force of heartbeat
  • diameter of BV
  • medullary rhythmic area of resp center
  • adjusts basic rhythm of breathing
  • reflex center for swallowing coughing, sneezing, hiccuping
51
Q

pons(bridge)

A
  • located superior to the medulla
  • provides connection btw cerebral cortex and opposite hemisphere of cerebellum
  • tracts and cranial nerves nuclei
  • contain pneumotaxic and apneustic resp center
  • contains cranial nerves 5-7 and vestibular branch of cranial8
52
Q

Midbrain

A

-extends from the pons to the diencephalon
-contains nuclei and tracts
-parts of the ventricle found here
-cerebral peduncles: consist of axons of the corticospinal, corticobulbar tracts(cortex to medulla)]
-tectum-situated posteriorly and contains four rounded elevations: 2superior ones called superior colliculli(coordinates head,eyes,and trunk movements in response to visual stimuli)
2 inferior colliculli(coordinate head eyes and trunk movements in response to auditory stimuli
-contains left and right sustantia nigra(produces dopamine, controls subconscious motor activities), the left and right red nucleus(controls muscle movements)
-contain origins for cranial nerves 3 and 4

53
Q

Reticular formation

A

-

HFCN (8 decks)

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