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Microbiology > Micro Exam 3*final* > Flashcards

Micro Exam 3*final* Flashcards

1
Q

What are Kochs postulates?

A

A system for proving an organism is the cause of a disease

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2
Q

When are kochs postulates used?

A

For new diseases only because it takes too long to use for identification

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3
Q

What are the two cases when kochs postulates should be used?

A

Proving for the first time that a path. is the cause of a new disease

Settling disputes when two paths are reposted as the cause of the same disease

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4
Q

How many steps are in kochs postulates?
What are they?
AIIP

A 
4
Association
Isolation
Inoculation
Re-isolation
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5
Q

What is the association step in Knochs Postulates

A

The suspect must be present in all cases

A pathogen is suspected and is tested

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6
Q

What occurs during the isolation step of Knochs Postulates?

A

The suspect pathogen is isolated on agar medium using the 3 way streak method

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7
Q

What occurs during the inoculation stemp of Knoch Posts.

A

the suspect pathogen is innoculated into living host.

if the host shows the same symptoms as the original organisms then the next step is followed

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8
Q

What is the re-isolation step in Knochs P’s

A

the suspect ust be re-isolated from the inoculated host and must be identical

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9
Q

What are the exceptions of knoch’s rules?

A

Obligate parasites can not be isolated

Human diseases cant be tested on humans so results may not be accurate

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10
Q

What are non-specific host defenses?

A

defenses that target all types of pathogens

bodies first line of defense

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11
Q

What are the 7 types of non-specific defenses in humans?

ANAPIFM

A

Anatomical/physical barriers
Normal flora
Antimicrobial body secretions

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12
Q

What are the three main Anatomical barriers?

How do they protect?

A

Skin-water proof layer
Mucous Mem.-traps microbes
Cilia-mechanically removes foreign materials

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13
Q

How do normal human flora act as non-specific host defense?

A

immune system stimulation
Pre-coloization and takes up space
nutrient competition
production of toxins

lactobacillus
E. coli

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14
Q

What are the 5 main anti microbial secretions of the human body?
LPLTA

A 
Lysozyme-saliva
Peroxidase-saliva, milk
Lactoferrin-milk
Thiocyanates-saliva
Acid- skin, stomach, vagina
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15
Q

What are the three main types of leukocytes involved in phagocytosis?

A

Macrophages
Monocytes
Neutrophils

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16
Q

What is the relationship between Macrophages and Monocytes?

A

When Macro’s die Mon’s can differentiate into Macros and replace them

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17
Q

Which of the three Leukocytes are the rapid response team?

A

Neutrophils

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18
Q

What are the 6 steps in Phagocytosis?

CRFFDE

A 
Chemotaxis
Recognition
Formation of Phagosome
Formation of Phagolysosome
Destruction and Digestion
Exocytosis
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19
Q

What occurs during Chemotaxis?

A

Phagocytes move to the site of infection via detection of chemicals produced by microbes

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20
Q

What occurs during Recognition

A

Receptors on Phagocytes bind to invading microbes

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21
Q

What is a phagosome?

A

When the cell wall of the phagocyte engulfs the microbe and creates a membrane-bound vacuole

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22
Q

Why is the production of the phagolysosome important?

A

it is what allows for the digestion and destruction of the pathogen within the phagocyte

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23
Q

What is inflammation?

A

the body’s response to tissue damage

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of inflammation?

A

increase in temperature of tissues.
redness
swelling
pain

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25
Q

How many main steps are in the inflammation process?

A

3

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26
Q

What occurs in the first stage of inflammation?

A

damaged cells release histamine

fluid rushes in

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27
Q

What occurs in the second stage of inflammation?

A

clotting begins
phagocytes enter tissue
head and redness begins

28
Q

What occurs in the third stage of inflammation?

A

dead cells are removed, scab forms,

scar tissue forms

29
Q

What is a fever and how does it at as a non specific host defence?

A

It is a systematic increase in body temp
caused by pyrogens
you body uses this defence to cause the denaturing of pathogenic cells

30
Q

What are the benefits of fever?

A

increased immune response
lowers plasma iron concentration
increases the rate of reactions within the body
makes patent ill and causing them to rest

31
Q

What are the two types of non-specific molecular defenses in the body?

A

the complement system

and interferons

32
Q

what is the complement system?

A

20 large proteins produced by the liver

they enhance phagocytosis, inflammation, and microbe lysis

33
Q

What are interferons?

A

small proteins vs viruses

they bind to receptors in viral cells and interfere with replication

34
Q

Why are interferons considered non-specific if they target viruses?

A

because they target ALL viruses

35
Q

What are the three specific host defenses?

A

Immunity
Antibodys
Antigens

36
Q

What is immunity

A

The ability of a body to recognize infection and fight it

involves antigen-antibody reactions

37
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Proteinaceous substances produced by the host in responce to an antigen

38
Q

What is an antigen?

A

An anti-body generator

Any foreign substance that triggers the immune system to operate

39
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Active immunity and passive immunity

40
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Your bod’s own immune system that produces antibodies vs infectious agnets
acquired by being exposed to disease or vaccination

41
Q

What is a passive immunity?

A

Short term immunity to ready made antibodies

42
Q

What are the three major cells of specific immunity?

A 
B Cells (from bone marrow)
T cells (from thymus)
Natural Killer cells
43
Q

Collectively what are these major cells called?

Where do they travel?

A

lymphocytes also considered WBC

in the blood to reach lymphoid organs

44
Q

Where do B cells come from and what is their function?

When are the most effective?

A

Bone marrow
Involved in antibody mediated immunity
become plasma cells(antibody factories)
Before the microbes enter the cell

45
Q

Where do t cells come from and What are their functions?

A

made in bone marrow matures in Thymus
Cell mediated immunity
Deals witth pathogens once they are in thr cell

46
Q

What are Natural killer cells and what are their functions?

A

Paranodi cells
Kill malignant tumor cells and cells that are covered in antibodies
Humoral Immunity

47
Q

What cells are the major player in Humoral immunity?

What is humoral immunity?

A

Anti-body mediated immunity

b cells

48
Q

What are the three basic steps in humoral immunity?

A
  1. B cells reconize antigens through receptor sites on cell membrane
  2. Once reconized b cells differentate
  3. B cells bind to antigens
49
Q

What are the two types of cells that B cells can differentiate into?

A

Memory cells-long term immunity

Plasma cells-produce Y shaped antibodies

50
Q

What part of the antibody is unique and what is similar among all?

A

The arms of the antibody are unique

the body is universal

51
Q

What are the 6 ways antibodies bind to antigens?

NIAOCA

A 
Neturalization 
Immobilization
agglutination/precip.
opsonization
completment activation
ADCC
52
Q

How do antibodies neutralize microbes?

A

Toxins are coated and not allowed to interact

53
Q

How do microbes immobilize microbes?

A

They bind to the pili and to the fligella stoping the ability to adhere

54
Q

What is agglutination of microbes?

A

promoted clumping

55
Q

what is opsonization of microbes?

A

Antibodies bind to microbes and make it easiser to phagosize

56
Q

What is complement activation?

A

Triggers the compliment system

57
Q

What is ADCC

A

Anti-bodie dependent cellular cytotoxicity

binding to the antigen tags it as foregn and the NK cells come and eat it

58
Q

What is Cell mediated immunity and what are the major cells involved?

A

T-cells attack antigens once they have bound to host cells

59
Q

How is Cell mediated immunity acheived?

A

T-cells reconize host cells that are affected by antigen
they do this via tags on the Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Abnormal cells show abnormal tags

60
Q

What are the differences between MHC class one and class two

A

MHC-1 -Endogenous antigens

MHC-2 Exogenous

61
Q

What are the two types of T cells?

A

T-helper cells

t-cytotoxic cells

62
Q

What is a t-helper cell?

what does it do when it detects an abnormal cell?

A 
Reconizes MHC class 2
Has a CD4 receptor site
-It activates b-cells
-activates macrophages
-activates Tc cells
63
Q

WHat is a t-cytotoxic cell?

what doe it do when it detects abnormal cells?

A

Has CD8 receptors
reconized MHC 1
-produces Cytotoxins to kill cells
-produces cytokines to call other immune cells

64
Q

What is the role of NK cells?

A 
they kill cells bound by antibodies
kill cells without tags on MHC class 1
65
Q

What is the difference between congenital and acquired immunodeficency?

A

One is genetic and the other is due to infection or malnutrition

66
Q

What are the 4 ways microbes avoid host defenses?

A

1 they hide in host cells

  1. avoid being killed
  2. avoid being eaten
  3. survive within phagocytes

Microbiology (8 decks)

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