Micro-Intr to Pulm Pathogens

Question 1

What causes 50% or more of ear infections?

Answer 1

Viruses, frequently RSV

Question 2

WHat are the most common Bacterial causes of ear infections?

Answer 2

1. S. Pneumoniae

2. Haemophilus influenzae

Question 3

What are the most common causes of more than 50% of common colds?

Answer 3

Viruses specifically rhinovirus and coronaviruses.

Question 4

What are some of the other causes of common colds (Rhinitis) besides rhinovirus and coronaviruses?

Answer 4

Adenovirus, Parainfluenza virus, influenza virus and RSV

Question 5

WHat is the most common cause of Pharygitis (sore throat)?

Answer 5

Viruses mostly Adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, paraflu, and flu viruses.

Question 6

What are the major bacterial agents causing pharyngitis?

Answer 6

Group A Streptococcus

Nisseria Gonorrhoeae

Question 7

What other bacteria besides the Group A Strptococcus and N Gonnorrhoeae is known to cause severe Pharyngitis (sore throat).

Answer 7

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 8

What are the characteristics of Pharyngitis caused by C Diphtheriae?

Answer 8

1. Severe Sore Throat

2. Pseudomembrane composed of necrotic tissue, immune cells, and bacteria

Question 9

How can Diphtheria be life threatening?

Answer 9

By causing respiratory obstruction; Obstructive Laryngotracheitis which is extension of the mambrane into the Larynx and trachea.

Question 10

What are some of the secondary conditions associated with Diphtheria?

Answer 10

1. Myocarditis
2. Peripheral nerve palsies
3. CNS effects

Question 11

What is the treatment for C. Diphtheria?

Answer 11

1. Diphtheria equine antitoxin
2. Removal of membrane by direct Laryngoscope or Bronchoscopy
3. Antibiotic therapy Penicillin, Azithromycin

Question 12

What organisms are responsible for Laryngitis and its more severe form Croup?

Answer 12

Viruses

Question 13

What characterizes Bronchitis?

Answer 13

1. Mild Fever
2. Productive cough
3. Fatigue

Question 14

What organisms are most responsible for Bronchitis?

Answer 14

Viruses

• RSV
• Adenovirus
• Paraflu
• Flu

Question 15

Besides viruses What are some bacteria known for causing Bronchitis?

Answer 15

1. H. influenzae
2. Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
3. Chlamydia pneumoniae

Question 16

What test is required for suspected B. Pertussis and Viral infections in cases of Bronchitis?

Answer 16

Throat cultures

Question 17

In suspected Bacterial cases of Bronchitis caused by C. pneumoniae and M. Pneumoniae what test are required for diagnosis?

Answer 17

Serology

Question 18

WHat are the characteristic signs of Pneumonia?

Answer 18

1. Chills
2. High Fever
3. Productive cough
4. Chest Pain
5. Sweating

Question 19

What is the most common cause of Pneumonia in children and elderly?

Answer 19

Viral infections

Question 20

Which cause of Pneumonia can produce particularly life threatening acute episodes in healthy young adults?

Answer 20

Influenza infection precipitated Pneumonia

Question 21

What is a complication of influenza infection Pneumonia?

Answer 21

Can make patients prone to subsequent bacterial acute Pneumonia

Question 22

What is the most common cause of bacterial acute Pneumonia?

Answer 22

S. Pneumonia

Question 23

WHat are two prominent causes of Fungal Pneumonia?

Answer 23

Candida and Aspergillis

Question 24

What type of pneumonia is rarely caused by viruses?

Answer 24

Chronic Pneumonia

Question 25

What are the most prominent causes of Chronic Pneumonia?

Answer 25

1. Tuberculosis 2. Fungal pathogens - Histoplasma capsulatum - Blastomyces dermatitidis - Coccidioides immitis

Question 26

Which sputum culture findings are immune from suspicion of contamination in pneumonia diagnosis?

Answer 26

1. Flu | 2. TB

Question 27

What can be done to confirm the findings from sputum culture in acute Pneumonia?

Answer 27

Blood culture

Question 28

Which form of Tuberculosis leads to chronic Pneumonia characterized by fever, malaise, night sweats, weight loss, and bloody sputum?

Answer 28

Reactivated Tuberculosis | Primary tuberculosis is often asymptomatic

Question 29

What Demographic is most likely to have reactivated TB?

Answer 29

Males over 50.

Question 30

What are some of the things that can lead to reactivation of Tuberculosis?

Answer 30

Immunosuppresion brought on by - Alcoholism - Malnutrition - Diabetes - Old Age

Question 31

What is the end result of untreated Tuberculosis?

Answer 31

Dissemination and ultimately fatal meningitis

Question 32

What doesn't Mycobacterium tuberculosis Gram Stain (it is a rod)

Answer 32

It is surrounded by a hydrophobic lipid surface containing mycolic acids

Question 33

How is Mycobacterium Tuberculosis visualized?

Answer 33

Acid-Fast staining (difficult because of low bacterial numbers) Cultures take 3 weeks to grow.

Question 34

What feature of Influenza is responsible for its relatively high rate of mutation?

Answer 34

The negative-strand RNA, segmented genomes

Question 35

What two principle surface proteins are altered in antigenic variation by Influenza?

Answer 35

1. Hemagglutinin | 2. Neuraminidase

Question 36

What feature of Influenza can lead to flu pandemics?

Answer 36

The segmented genome undergoing reassortment

Question 37

What Flu drug has been rendered virtually useless through resistance?

Answer 37

Amantadine

Question 38

What fungal treat must be used in disseminated infections and any opportunistic infection?

Answer 38

Amphotericin B