Micro Lecture Exam 2

Question 1

two categories of essential nutrients

Answer 1

Macronutrients, micronutrients /trace elements

Question 2

How do microbes survive environments?

Answer 2

Adaption-the-gradual process

Question 3

Difference between macro & micro nutrients

Answer 3

Macro plays role in cell structure and metabolism and micro is involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure

Question 4

categorization of nutrients by carbon content?

Answer 4

organic and inorganic

Question 5

Examples of organic and inorganic nutrients

Answer 5

Inorganic - water, metals, salts, gases
Organic - methane, carbs, lipids, proteins

Question 6

chemical analysis of microbial cytoplasm

Answer 6

70% water & proteins

Question 7

What are the 6 elements 96% of a cell is composed of?

Answer 7

SPONCH

Question 8

The main determinants of a microbes nutritional type?

Answer 8

carbon and energy

Question 9

Carbon sources

Answer 9

Heterotroph (dependent on other living things) & autotroph (self feeder CO2)

Question 10

Energy sources

Answer 10

Chemotroph (chemical compounds) & Phototrophs (photosynthesis)

Question 11

Photoautotrophs

Answer 11

use sunlight for energy and CO2 in the atmosphere to make organic compounds

Question 12

Photoheterotrophs

Answer 12

use sunlight for energy and relies on organic compounds for carbon

Question 13

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 13

use chemical compounds for energy and CO2 in the atmosphere to make organic compounds

Question 14

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 14

use chemical compounds for energy and relies on consuming organic compounds for carbon

Question 15

lithoautotrophs

Answer 15

relies totally on inorganic materials and no sunlight

Question 16

Saprobes

Answer 16

organisms that obtain nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter

Question 17

Name the mineral ions and what their function

Answer 17

Calcium - stabilizer of the cell wall
Sodium - Cell transport
Potassium - protein synthesis & membrane function
Iron - cell respiration
Magnesium - in chlorophyll and stabilizes membrane & ribosomes
Zinc - eukaryotic genetics

Question 18

Sodium Potassium Pump

Answer 18

3 sodium + 1 ATP - ADP = P - 3 sodium + 2 K+ - P

Question 19

Environmental factors to have most effect on microbial growth

Answer 19

Temp, pH, O2 and CO2, and pressure

Question 20

3 groups of Prokaryotes based on optimum temp

Answer 20

Psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles

Question 21

Psychrophiles

Answer 21

Optimum temp <15 degrees C; capable of growth at 0 degrees C

Question 22

Mesophiles

Answer 22

Optimum temp = 20-40 degrees C (68-104 degrees F); most human pathogens (human temp is 37 degrees C)

Question 23

Thermophiles

Answer 23

optimum temp >45 degrees C (113 degrees F)

Question 24

Facultative

Answer 24

an organism that can grow under different conditions

Question 25

Extremely reactive; produced by phagocytes to kill invading bacteria

Answer 25

Singlet oxygen, superoxide ion, peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals

Question 26

^1 O_2

Answer 26

Singlet Oxygen

Question 27

O_2-

Answer 27

Superoxide ion

Question 28

H_2 O_2

Answer 28

Peroxide

Question 29

OH-

Answer 29

Hydroxyl radicals

Question 30

Name the enzymes that neutralize the chemicals so the cells are safe from ultimate destruction

Answer 30

Superoxide dismutase & catalase

Question 31

Obligate aerobes

Answer 31

prokaryote the cannot grow without O2

Question 32

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 32

Prokaryotes that utilize O2 by can also grow without it (many gram - intestinal bacteria)

Question 33

Microaerophilic

Answer 33

Prokaryotes that only need a small amount of O2 (lives in host, water so that way they arent exposed to atmosphere)

Question 34

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 34

Prokaryotes that lack the enyzmes to detoxify O2 so therefore cannot survive in an O2 environment (many oral & intestinal bacteria)

Question 35

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 35

Prokaryotes that do not utilize O2 but can survive and grow in its presence

Question 36

Thioglycollate test

Answer 36

A medium test for anaerobic and aerobic bacteria; anaerobic floats to bottom and aerobic floats to top

Question 37

Capnophiles

Answer 37

Grow best at higher CO2 tension

Question 38

Alkalophiles

Answer 38

grow best >8.5pH

Question 39

Neutrophiles

Answer 39

grows 5-8 pH but 7 is optimal

Question 40

Acidophiles

Answer 40

grows best <5.5 pH

Question 41

Osmophiles

Answer 41

Lives in habitat with high solute concentration

Question 42

Halophiles

Answer 42

Osmophiles that prefer high concentrations of salt

Question 43

Barophiles

Answer 43

Microorganisms that can handle extreme pressure e.g. deep sea creatures

Question 44

Ecological associations among microorganisms

Answer 44

Either symbiotic or non-symbiotic

Question 45

Symbiotic

Answer 45

organisms that live together in close partnership 3 types: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

Question 46

Mutalism

Answer 46

Obligatory, dependent; both members benefit

Question 47

Commensalism

Answer 47

one member benefits while the other member is not harmed

Question 48

Parasitism

Answer 48

parasite is dependent and benefits while the other member (the host) is harmed

Question 49

Non-symbiotic

Answer 49

organisms are free-living and relationship is not required for survival 2 types: Synergism & Antagonism

Question 50

Synergism

Answer 50

Syntrophy; members cooperate to produce a result that none of them could do alone

Question 51

Antagonism

Answer 51

Amensalism; actions of one organism that affects the success/survival of others in the same community (competition)

Question 52

Symbiosis

Answer 52

A close partnership between individuals from two species that may be helpful, harmful, or neither to either member

Question 53

Binary fission

Answer 53

parent cell enlarges, duplicates its chromosome, and forms a protein central transverse septum dividing the cell into two identical daughter cells

Question 54

Generation/Doubling time

Answer 54

the length of time of a microbial species needs to divide

Question 55

The Growth Curve

Answer 55

4 phases: Lag - production & preparation before division Log/Exponential - cells are dividing at constant rate Stationary - rate of cell growth = rate of cell death Death - more cells die due to lack of nutrients

Question 56

Exponential Growth Equation

Answer 56

Original # of cells in the population (N _i) X # of generations (2^n) = # of cells in a population at this point in time (N_t) N = starting number

Question 57

Turbidity

Answer 57

degree of cloudiness reflects the relative population size

Question 58

Viable/Standard Plate Count technique

Answer 58

traditional method used to observe population growth pattern where 1 colony represents 1 cell or CFU

Question 59

CFU

Answer 59

Colony Forming Unit

Question 60

Direct Cell Count

Answer 60

count all cells present, automated (Coulter counter) or manual

Question 61

Genetic probing

Answer 61

A variation of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can quantify bacteria without isolating or culture