Micro Organisms Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
What do living things do
A
Reproduce
Grow
Excrete
Respirate
Nutrition
2
Q
What do plants have
A
Chloroplasts for food
Mitochondria
And vacuoles
3
Q
Prokaryotic
A
Don’t have a true nucleus, genetic materials are floating around
No nuclear membrane can
4
Q
Eukaryotic
A
Have membrane bound organelles
Has nucleatic true membrane separating what’s inside from what’s outside
5
Q
Pathogenic
A
Harmful and disease causing
6
Q
Virus
A
Active and are difficult to cultivate
7
Q
Virion
A
When dormant and not in contact with host cell
8
Q
Characteristics of viruses
A
Microscopic
Not really living
Obligate intracellular parasites
9
Q
Obligate intracellular parasites
A
Can only survive and produce inside cells of living organisms(hosts)
Replicate using host cell’s materials
10
Q
Different shapes of Viruses
A
Polyhedral
Helical
Complex
11
Q
Characteristics of Polyhedral Viruses
A
Cuboidal
Capsid has 20 triangular faces
12
Q
Examples of Polyhedral viruses
A
Adenovirus
Coronavirus
13
Q
Characteristics of Helical viruses
A
Spiral
Capsid resembles a coiled spring
14
Q
Examples of Helical Viruses
A
Tobacco virus
15
Q
Characteristics of complex viruses
A
Have a Head
Sheath
Tail
16
Q
Examples of complex viruses
A
Bacteriophage
17
Q
Structure of viruses
A
Acellular
Simple structure with a Core of DNA and RNA
Nucleic acid surrounded by capsid
18
Q
What is Acellular
A
Is not a cell, has no nucleus, cytoplasm or organelles
19
Q
What does a simple structure of DNA and RNA have
A
Hereditary material is not enclosed with a nuclear membrane
20
Q
What is a Capsid
A
A protein coat
21
Q
What is Symbiosis
A
Organisms live together and interact
22
Q
Types of Symbiosis
A
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
23
Q
Mutualism
A
Both symbiont and host benefit
24
Q
Parasitism
A
Symbiont benefits to the detriment of host
25
Commensalism
Symbiont benefits with little effect on the host
26
What do Viruses infect
Animals, Plants and bacteria
27
Bacteriophage
Kill bacteria
28
What Kingdom does Bacteria belong to
Monera
29
Characteristics of Bacteria
Inhibits all environments
Extremophiles
Can be microscopic
Can be useful and can cause diseases
30
Types of Bacteria
Cocci
Bacilli
Spiralla
Vibrios
31
How are Cocci classified
Are spherical
32
How are bacilli classified
They are Rod-shaped
33
How are Spiralla classified
They are rod-shaped
34
How are vibrios classified
Are comma-shaped
35
What is Streptococcus
Exist singly
36
What is Staphylococcus
Exist in clumbs
37
What happens in favourable conditions
Bacteria reproduce rapidly by binary fission
38
What happens during Binary fission(mitosis)
A single cell divides into two with identical DNA
10- 15 mind
39
What happens in unfavourable conditions
Bacteria may survive by becoming dormant
40
How does Bacteria become dormant
They form spores with a thick protective coat around themselves
41
Structure of bacteria
Unicellular
Have protective rigid cell wall
Plasma membrane
Prokaryotic
Waxy layer
Produce by binary fission
42
Unicellular meaning
Simpler cell than those of other living organisms
43
What is the function of the plasma membrane
Serves as mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum & chloroplast
Controls entry & exit of materials
44
What does the Waxy capsule do
Serves as Bacteria’s outermost layer
45
What does a typical bacterium have
Flagellum
Cell wall
Cell membrane (inner wall)
Cytoplasm (inside)
Chromosome- plasmid
Waxy capsule (outer)
46
What are common characteristics of Protista
Eukaryotic
Life in moist environments cause no protection against drying out
47
Variable characteristics of Protista
Unicellular or multicellular
Microscopic or over 100m long
Heterographs or autotrophs
48
Another name for plant-like Protista
Phytoplankton
49
Another name for Animal like Protista
Zooplankton
50
Phytoplankton
Called algae
Aquatic eukaryotes
Contains chloroplasts
Base of aquatic food chain
Release oxygen through photosynthesis
Free floating
Autotrophic
51
What do algae do with chloroplasts
For asexual reproduction
52
Algae groups
Green algae
Red algae
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
53
Green algae
Found in fresh water
Spirogyra and green seaweeds
54
Brown algae
Kelp
Can photosynthesise
55
Red algae
Found in deep water
Red sea weed
56
Diatoms
Microscopic
Unicellular
Cell walls contain silica
57
Dinoflagellate
Microscopic
Unicellular
Found in surface waters
58
Zooplankton
Called protozoans
Unicellular
Heterotrophic
Can’t make own food so ingest
Swim around actively
59
Protozoan groups
Amoeboids
Ciliates
Flagellates
Parasitic
60
Amoeboids
Ingest food by phagocytosis for intracellular digestion
Move by pseudopodia
61
What is pseudopodia
Temporary cytoplasmic projections
62
Ciliates
Use cilia to swim & capture food
E,g Paramecium
63
Flagellates
Use flagella for locomotion
E.g Giardia
64
Giardia
Causes diarrhoeal illness
65
Parasitic
Non-motile
E.g Plasmodium
66
Plasmodium
Causes malaria
Absorbs nutrients directly through the cell membrane
67
Autotrophs
Make their own food automatically
68
Heterotrophs
Eat other things (different food sources)
69
Suprotrophs
Decompose (break down things)
Live off dead things
70
Taxonomist
A person who classifies stiff according to their features
71
Fungi
Decompose organic matter
Share closer evolutionary relationship to animals than to plants as was originally thought
72
Characteristics of Fungi
Free-living
Usually invisible to naked eye
Are heterotrophs- no chlorophyll
Saprotronic
Some are parasitic
73
What does Fungi include
Yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, moulds, mushrooms and toadstools
74
What is free-living
Living in the soil
Air
Dead organic matter
75
Fungi that live in symbiotic relationships
Lichen
Fungi
76
What is Lichen
Association of fungi & algae
Fungi supplies algae with h2o & minerals while Fungi absorbs glucose made by algae
77
What is Mycorrhizae
Associates with the roots of many kinds of plants.
78
How is Fungi useful
Along with bacteria they’re primary decomposers of dead organic matter
79
How does Fungi reproduce asexually
By means of spores
80
How does Fungi reproduce sexually
When conditions are unfavourable, by resistant zygospores
81
How does Fungi reproduce budding
Binary fission e.g. the yeasts
82
Structure of Fungi
Mostly multicellular eukaryotes
Has Hyphae enclosed by rigid cell wall
Has spore producing bodies
83
Examples of unicellular species
Baker’s yeast
84
What is Hyphae
A mass of branched filaments
85
What is the cell wall that Hyphae is enclosed by made of
Chitin and glucan
86
What is a Hypha
A multi-branched tubular cell filled with cytoplasm
Can be aseptate or septate
87
What is HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
88
What does HIV infect and how
CD4 cells, it deactivates them so the immune system isn’t alerted and it weakens
89
What are CD4 cells and what is their purpose
Helper T lymphocytes
Alert and alarm the rest of the immune system so it is ready to fight
90
Effects of HIV/ Aids in the body
Lack of energy
Rapid weight loss
Frequent fevers and swears
Fungal infections
91
How do we know that HIV has progressed to Aids
Blood tests show a CD4 count of less than 200 CD4 cells/ml blood
92
What is the normal CD4 count
600 to 1200
93
Other effects of HIV/ AIDS
Feelings of alienation due to stigma
- effects on economy
Destroys families
High financial costs
94
What to do when HIV negative
Take preventative measures
95
What to do when HIV positive
Learn to manage it and prevent transmission
96
Management of HIV/ AIDS
ARV treatment
Monitoring viral load
Treating opportunistic infections
Boosting immune system
Financial planning
Caring for mental & emotional health
97
ARV( anti-retroviral) treatment
Started when CD4 count is between 200 & 350
Doesn’t cure HIV
stops viral replication allowing immune system to recover
98
What is viral load
The amount of HIV is blood
99
What does an increased viral load show
That treatment isn’t working
100
How to Boost immune system to slow down effects of infection
Good diet, exercise, rest and no alcohol
101
Financial planning as part of HIV management
Must have access to media aid
102
How can pregnant women reduce risk of infecting babies
By taking ARVs during pregnancy and labour
103
What is drug resistance
The ability of disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses to continue multiplying despite the presence of drugs that usually kill them
104
Why are mutations very common
ARVs attack HIV at different stages of replication therefore it is allowed to replicate it does so at a rapid rate
105
How does HIV become resistant to the drugs
Mutations might block working of drugs making them less effective/ ineffective
106
How does drug resistance develop
Not taking drugs exactly as prescribed
Unsafe sed
Poor absorption of ARV drugs
107
Hoe does not taking drugs exactly as prescribed cause drug resistance
It lowers the blood levels of ARVs in the bloodstream allowing HIV to replicate freely
108
How does unsafe sex cause drug resistance
a drug-resistant HIV strain is transmitted from another person
109
How does poor absorption of ARV drugs cause drug resistance
Lowers blood levels thus increasing the chance of mutations
110
Tuberculosis
A chronic bacterial infection
Can affect all organs but is common on the lungs
111
Chronic
Long term
112
Pulmonary TB
A contagious disease primarily spread in the air in moisture droplets
113
What causes pulmonary TB
TB bacillus covered in a waxy coat allowing it to not be destroyed by immune system and remain alive for a long time
114
Super bug
Bacteria resistant to almost all known antibiotics
115
What happens to a strong immune system after infection
No symptoms
Infection contained by fibrous capsule and lies dormant for years
116
What happens to a person with a weak immune system after infection
Bacilli multiplies further and within 4 weeks person is ill of TB
117
What happens to a weak immune system after infection
Bacilli multiplies further & within 4 weeks person is ill of TB
118
Effects of TB
Weakness & tiredness
Cough sometimes blood
Weight loss
Lose earnings
Stigma
If untreated can affect 10- 15 annually
Killing people with HIV
119
Management of TB
BCG Vaccine
Screening
Treat infected patients immediately
DOTS
120
What is DOTS
Directly Observed Therapy, Short course
Six months regime
Monitored to take full course of antibiotics
Within days patient can’t infect others
121
Consequences of patients stopping medication once they feel a bit better
Prolonged illness
Patient becomes infectious again
TB bacillus develop resistance
122
What is MDR
Multi-drug-resistant TB
Expensive to treat
123
What is Malaria
Life threatening parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes (vector)
124
Effects of Malaria
Flu-like symptoms
Cerebral malaria
Premature babies
Death
Appear 10-14 days after bitten by infected mosquito
125
How can malaria cause death
Destruction of red blood cells
Clogging of capillaries that take blood to brain
126
Costs to government due to malaria
Loss of tourism income
Maintenance of health facilities
Public health interventions against malaria
127
Management of Malaria
DDT
Insecticide-treated nets
Treat illness
128
Treating Malaria
Expensive
Three day course using multi-drug treatment that includes artemisia which destroys drug resistant plasmids in the bloodstream
129
Candidiasis thrush
Caused by Candida albicans, a yeast or fungus
130
Effects of a Candida infection
Affect mucous membranes like mouth and vaginal
Makes one vulnerable to being infected by HIV
occur in intestines harmlessly
131
What can cause Candida overgrowth
Excessive taking of antibiotics
Suffering from immunodeficiency diseases
Stress, lack of sleep & poor diet
Warmth & moisture
132
How is Oral thrush treated
Anti fungal mouth wash
133
How are Vaginal yeast infections treated
Topical anti-fungal medication
134
Athlete’s foot
Caused by Tinea
Grows in damp places
Feeds on keratin ( protein in skin cells)
135
How can athlete’s foot be treated
Keeping affected parts dry
Applying anti-fungal powder
136
Infections
Cause by pathogenic viruses, bacteria, protozoans or Fungi
137
Immune response by plants
Infected cells are stimulated to
Produce salicylic acid
Activate resistance genes
Self-destruct and form an area of dead cells
138
Why do plants produce salicylic acid
Because it’s a plant hormone or signal
139
Why do plants activate resistance genes
To provide a strong & specific resistance to the particular pathogen
140
Why do plants self destruct and form an area of dead cells
To prevent infections from spreading
141
Immune response by animals
Skin
Primary response
Secondary response
142
Skin as an immune response by animals
Prevents entry of pathogens
143
What happens in the primary response by animals
Try to destroy pathogens & prevent them from spreading by inflammation or fever
144
What happens in the primary response by animals
Tries to destroy pathogens & prevent them from spreading by inflammation of fever
145
What happens in the secondary response by animals
Activate the immune system if pathogens do start spreading
146
What is immunity
The body’s active response to an infection involving lymphocytes & phagocytes
147
Types of Lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes
148
B Lymphocytes
Pathogens have antigens on their surface, it tells the B lymphocytes that the pathogen is ‘non-human’ and is dangerous
After recognising its specific antigen it replicates producing clones
Then it produces antibodies
Which combine with antigens to destroy pathogens
149
Natural immunity
Occurs when a person has an attack of a disease so that antibodies are produced and give protection against a future attack
150
How do antibodies destroy pathogens
Cause bacterial cells to burst
Labels pathogens for phagocytes
Clumps pathogens together makeweak
Neutralize bacterial toxins
151
T lymphocytes
Matured in the thymus( gland in the chest) and then migrated to the lymph glands
152
Types of T lymphocytes
1. CD4 cells
2. killer T cells
3. Suppressor cells
153
What do Killer T cells do
Destroy body cells infected by virus & some parasites
Insert perforin into target cell making it burst
154
What do suppressor cells do
Act as brakes stopping the immune response once an infection is over
155
What do CD4 cells do
Start immune response to infection
156
What are Phagocytes
Large Lymphocytes that can change shapes
Produces in the bone marrow
Can squeeze through gaps in capillary walls
157
How do Phagocytes destroy pathogens
Look for pathogens
Engulfs it
Takes it to cell forming phagosome
Hydrolytic enzymes in the vacuole digest & destroy pathogen
158
Antibiotics
Fight infections caused by bacteria
Don’t work for viral infections lol
159
How antibiotics work
Antibiotics help the immune system by destroying the bacteria directly
160
How do antibiotics destroy bacteria directly
Prevent proper formation of the cell wall
Damage cell membrane
Affect RNA and prevent protein synthesis
161
How do Antibiotics prevent the proper formation of the cell wall
Causes bacteria yo become unstable and burst
E.g Penicillin
162
How do Antibiotics damage the cell membrane
By changing its permeability causing the cell to leak its content & die
163
How do Antibiotics affect RNA and prevent protein synthesis
By preventing the bacteria from forming cell proteins and enzymes so it dies
164
Side effects of Antibiotics
Nausea, diarrhoea, stomach cramps and vaginal yeast infections
165
Allergies from penicillin
Itching and shortness of breath
166
Why do resistant populations develop
Repeated & incorrect use of antibiotics
Wrong diagnosis
Unnecessary prescription
167
Iks
Indigenous knowledge systems
168
Anaerobic respiration
Respiration without oxygen
In the presence of sugar, bacteria & fungi produce
169
Traditional technology in food production
Sorghum beer
Maas
Mahewu
170
Bacteria in food industry
Yoghurt
Cheese
Fermented foods
Vinegar
171
Fungi in food industry
Bread
Alcohol
172
Medical biotechnology
Vaccines
173
What is a vaccine
A suspension of dead, weakened or fragmented micro-organisms or their toxins that will stimulate the production of antibodies which will produce blood immunity
Prevent diseases
174
Function of Cellulose-degrading fungi or Bacteria
They clean up dead plants in the environment
175
What is the function of saprotropic bacteria and fungi
Breakdown the remaining organic matter into carbon dioxide and nutrients
176
Functions of blue-green algae and phytoplankton
The replace and generate 50% of all oxygen used
