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A&P II > Micro Practical II > Flashcards

Micro Practical II Flashcards

1
Q

Define: **Polymer Hydrolysis

A

Adding water to a polymer to break the covalent bonds between monomers

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2
Q

Define: Exoenzyme

A

Enzymes secreted to the outside of the bacterial cell that speed up polymer hydrolysis

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3
Q

What type of media is used for starch hydrolysis?

A

Starch Agar

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4
Q

What exoenzyme is involved in starch hydrolysis?

A

Amylase

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5
Q

What reagent is added after incubation in starch hydrolysis to determine the results?

A

Iodine

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6
Q

For the starch hydrolysis, identify and physically describe a (+) result

A

(+) means NO BLUE/BLACK COLOR appear around bacterial growth.

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7
Q

For the starch hydrolysis, identify and physically describe a (-) result

A

(-) BLUE/BLACK color appears around bacterial growth.

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8
Q

What is happening biochemically in a (+) result for starch hydrolysis?

A

Biochemically, in a (+) result, bacterium ARE PRODUCING AMYLASE

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9
Q

What is happening biochemically in a (-) result for starch hydrolysis?

A

Biochemically, in a (-) result, bacterium ARE NOT PRODUCING AMYLASE.

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10
Q

Define: Lipid

A

Macromolecule; fat/oil

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11
Q

What type of media is used for Lipid Hydrolysis?

A

Spirit Blue Lipid Agar

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12
Q

What exoenzyme is involved in lipid hydrolysis?

A

Lipase

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13
Q

What is the reagent added after incubation in Lipid Hydrolysis to determine results?

A

NO REAGENT is added

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14
Q

For lipid hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) INTENSE BLUE COLOR APPEARS under bacterial growth.

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15
Q

For lipid hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

(-) means NO BLUE color under bacterial growth.

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16
Q

Define: Peptonization

A

hydrolyse a protein to a peptone

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17
Q

Define: Protease

A

Generic term for an exoenzyme of protein

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18
Q

Define: Proteolysis

A

Breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids

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19
Q

What media is used for the Casein Hydrolysis test?

A

Skim Milk Nutrient Agar

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20
Q

What is the name of the exoenzyme used for the Casein Hydrolysis test?

A

Casease

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21
Q

What reagent is added after incubation in Casein Hydrolysis test to determine the results?

A

NO REAGENT is needed

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22
Q

For Casein Hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) NO WHITE COLOR around bacterial growth

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23
Q

For Casein Hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

(-) WHITE COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth.

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24
Q

What is happening biochemically in a (+) result for Casein Hydrolysis test?

A

(+) result bacterium DID PRODUCE Casease

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25
Q

What is happening biochemically in a (-) result for Casein Hydrolysis test?

A

(-) result bacterium DID NOT produce Casease

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26
Q

Where is the protein Casein found in nature?

A

Animal milk

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27
Q

What media is used for the Gelatin Hydrolysis test?

A

Gelatin Nutrient Agar

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28
Q

What is the name of the exoenzyme involved in the Gelatin Hydrolysis test?

A

Gelatinase

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29
Q

What reagent is added after incubation in Gelatin Hydrolysis test to determine results?

A

Trichloroacetic Acid

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30
Q

For Gelatin Hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) NO WHITE COLOR appears around bacterial growth

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31
Q

For Gelatin Hydrolysis test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

(-) WHITE COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth

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32
Q

What is happening biochemically in a (+) result for Gelatin Hydrolysis test?

A

(+) result the bacterium DID PRODUCE GELATINASE

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33
Q

What is happening biochemically in a (-) result for Gelatin Hydrolysis test?

A

(-) result the bacterium DID NOT PRODUCE GELATINASE

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34
Q

Define: **Exoenzyme

A

Enzymes secreted to the outside of the bacterial cell that speed up polymer hydrolysis

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35
Q

Define: Exonuclease

A

An exoenzyme for Nucleic Acid

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36
Q

Define: Nucleic Acid

A

Macromolecule made of Nucleotide Monomers

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37
Q

What is the media used for Nuclease test?

A

DNAse Agar

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38
Q

What is the exoenzyme involved in Nuclease test?

A

Exonuclease

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39
Q

What reagent is added after incubate in Nuclease test to determine results?

A

NO REAGENT IS ADDED

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40
Q

For Nuclease test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

NO GREEN APPEARS around bacterial growth.

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41
Q

For Nuclease test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

GREEN COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth.

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42
Q

What is happening biochemically in a (+) result for Nuclease test?

A

(+) result means BACTERIUM DID PRODUCE EXONUCLEASE

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43
Q

What is happening biochemically in a (-) result for Nuclease test?

A

(-) result means BACTERIUM DID NOT PRODUCE EXONUCLEASE.

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44
Q

Define: Hemolysin

A

Exoenzyme that speeds up hemolysis

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45
Q

Define: Alpha Hemolysis

A

Incomplete destruction of RBC and hemoglobin

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46
Q

Define: Beta Hemolysis

A

Complete destruction of RBC and hemoglobin

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47
Q

Define: Gamma Hemolysis (Nonhemolytic)

A

No destruction of RBC and hemoglobin

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48
Q

What is the media used for Hemolysis test?

A

Blood Agar

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49
Q

What is the name of the exoenzyme in Hemolysis test?

A

Hemolysin

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50
Q

What reagent is added after incubation in Hemolysis test to determine results?

A

NO REAGENT IS ADDED

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51
Q

For Hemolysis test, identify and physically describe a (+) and (-) result.

A

Beta Hemolysis - NO RED COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth

Alpha Hemolysis - GREENISH COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth

Gamma Hemolysis (nonhemolytic) - RED COLOR APPEARS around bacterial growth

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52
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) and (-) result for Hemolysis test?

A

Beta Hemolysis - BACTERIUM IS CAPABLE OF COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF RBC AND HEMOGLOBIN

Alpha Hemolysis - BACTERIUM IS CAPABLE OF INCOMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF RBC AND HEMOGLOBIN

Gamma Hemolysis- BACTERIUM NOT CAPABLE OF DESTROYING RBC AND HEMOGLOBIN

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53
Q

Define: Reduction

A

transfer of electrons

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54
Q

Define: Dissimilation

A

break down of complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy

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55
Q

What media is used for Hydrogen Sulfide test?

A

Kligler Iron Agar

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56
Q

What piece of equipment is used to inoculate the Kliger Iron Agar in Hydrogen Sulfide test?

A

Inoculating Needle

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57
Q

What media is used for Hydrogen Sulfide test?

A

Kligler Iron Agar (media is in a slant tube)

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58
Q

For Hydrogen Sulfide test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) BLACK COLOR ANYWHERE IN MEDIA

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59
Q

For Hydrogen Sulfide test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

(-) NO BLACK COLOR ANYWHERE IN MEDIA

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60
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Hydrogen Sulfide test?

A

(+) DID PRODUCE HYDROGEN SULFIDE

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61
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Hydrogen Sulfide test?

A

(-) DID NOT PRODUCE HYDROGEN SULFIDE

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62
Q

What is the location of organisms that produce hydrogen sulfide (Hydrogen Sulfide test)?

A

Highly anaerobic muds, lakes, and streams

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63
Q

What is the function/purpose of producing hydrogen sulfide? Why does it occur?

A

Production of Hydrogen Sulfide in bacteria is how bacteria get rid their waste; it occurs so they can release their waste.

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64
Q

Define: Fermentation

A

Anaerobic incomplete breakdown of carbohydrates in cells

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65
Q

Define: pH indicator

A

change color in acidic and basic conditions

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66
Q

Define: Durham tube

A

Small inverted test tube designed to trap gas

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67
Q

What media is used for Sugar Fermentation test?

A

Phenol red (Sugar) Broth

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68
Q

What are the 2 general end products of fermentation in Sugar Fermentation test?

A

Acid and Gas

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69
Q

For Sugar Fermentation test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) YELLOW COLOR IN MEDIA

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70
Q

For Sugar Fermentation test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

(-) ANY COLOR OTHER THAN YELLOW IN MEDIA

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71
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Sugar Fermentation test?

A

(+) means bacterium IS CAPABLE OF FERMENTING THE SPECIFIC TYPE OF SUGAR IN MEDIA

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72
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Sugar Fermentation test?

A

(-) means bacterium IS NOT CAPABLE OF FERMENTING SPECIFIC TYPE OF SUGAR IN MEDIA.

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73
Q

Name the small test tube that is upside down in the media. (Sugar Fermentation)

A

Durham Tube

74
Q

What are the 2 general end products of fermentation in Sugar Fermentation test?

A

Acid and Gas (CO2)

75
Q

What is the purpose of the Durham Tube?

A

To trap gas

76
Q

After performing a fermentation test on a bacterium, a student found that the media was orange after incubation. What is the result of this test?

A

Result is (-) because any color other than yellow in the media is negative. Yellow is (+).

77
Q

Define: Coliform

A

gram negative, enteric, bacillus shaped bacteria

78
Q

Define: Enteric

A

Intestinal

79
Q

What does IMViC stand for?

A

Indole, Methyl Red, Voges Proskauer, Citrate

80
Q

What is the media used for Indole Test?

A

SIM Media

81
Q

What piece of equipment is used to inoculate the SIM Media for the Indole test?

A

Inoculating Loop

82
Q

What reagent is used to determine a result in Indole test?

A

Indole Reagent

83
Q

For Indole test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) PINK/RED COLOR FLOATING AT TOP OF MEDIA

84
Q

For Indole test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

(-) NO COLOR FLOATING AT THE TOP OF MEDIA

85
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Indole test?

A

(+) result means BACTERIUM IS CAPABLE OF USING TRYPTOPHAN TO MAKE INDOLE

86
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Indole test?

A

(-) ACTERIUM IS NOT CAPABLE OF USING TRYPTOPHAN TO MAKE INDOLE

87
Q

What media is used for the Methyl Red test?

A

MRVP Broth

88
Q

What reagent is used to determine results for Methyl Red Test?

A

Methyl Red Reagent

89
Q

For Methyl Red test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) RED COLOR IN MEDIA

90
Q

For Methyl Red test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

(-) ANY COLOR OTHER THAN RED IN MEDIA

91
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Methyl Red test?

A

(+) result means bacterium IS CAPABLE OF USING GLUCOSE TO MAKE ACID

92
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Methyl Red test?

A

(-) result means bacterium is NOT CAPABLE OF USING GLUCOSE TO MAKE ACID

93
Q

What media is used for the Voges-Proskauer test?

A

MRVP Broth

94
Q

What is the name of the reagent used to determine the result for Voges-Proskauer test?

A

VP-A and VP-B

95
Q

For Voges-Proskauer test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) RED COLOR IN MEDIA

96
Q

For Voges-Proskauer test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

(-) ANY COLOR OTHER THAN RED

97
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Voges-Proskauer test?

A

(+) bacterium IS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING 2,3 BUTANEDIOL AND ACETOIN

98
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Voges-Proskauer test?

A

(-) bacterium IS NOT CAPABLE OF PRODUCING 2,3 BUTANEDIOL AND ACETOIN

99
Q

What media is used for Citrate test?

A

Simmons Citrate Agar

100
Q

What piece of equipment is used to inoculate the media in Citrate test?

A

Inoculating Needle

101
Q

For Citrate test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) BLUE COLOR ANYWHERE IN MEDIA

102
Q

For Citrate test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

(-) GREEN COLOR IN MEDIA

103
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Citrate test?

A

(+) means bacterium IS CAPABLE OF USING CITRATE AS THEIR ONLY SOURCE OF CARBON

104
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Citrate test?

A

(-) means bacterium IS NOT CAPABLE OF USING CITRATE AS THEIR ONLY SOURCE OF CARBON

105
Q

Define: Catalase

A

Bacterial enzyme that degrades H2O2

106
Q

Define: Oxidase

A

Enzyme that transfers electrons from cytochrome C to oxygen

107
Q

Define: Peroxidase

A

Enzyme made by humans that degrades H2O2

108
Q

How is the Catalase test conducted?

A

Using a microscope slide that will have bacteria added onto it then using aseptic technique, placing the bacteria onto the dry slide onto 2 different spots that are labeled. 1 drop of H2O2 is added to each spot where the bacteria was applied to then find out the result.

109
Q

What reagent is used to determine the result for the Catalase test?

A

H2O2

110
Q

For Citrate test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) is indicated by BLUE COLOR ANYWHERE IN MEDIA

111
Q

For Catalase test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) result is indicated by BUBBLES APPEAR

112
Q

For Catalase test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

(-) result is indicated by NO BUBBLES APPEARING

113
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Citrate test?

A

(-) means bacterium IS NOT CAPABLE OF USING CITRATE AS THEIR ONLY SOURCE OF CARBON

114
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Catalase test?

A

(+) result means bacterium IS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING CATALASE

115
Q

How is Oxidase test conducted?

A

Filter paper is used and labeled with the bacteria names. Oxidase reagent is added to filter paper in the 2 different spots. Then using the aseptic technique and inoculating loop, bacteria is collected and added to the filter paper that has the oxidase reagent applied.

116
Q

What reagent is used to determine result for Oxidase test?

A

Oxidase reagent

117
Q

For Oxidase test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) result is indicated by BLUE COLOR

118
Q

For Oxidase test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

(-) result is indicated by NO BLUE COLOR

119
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (+) result for Oxidase test?

A

(+) means bacterium IS ABLE TO PRODUCE OXIDASE

120
Q

Biochemically, what is happening in a (-) result for Oxidase test?

A

(-) means bacterium IS NOT ABLE TO PRODUCE OXIDASE

121
Q

What are the functions of these enzymes (oxidase, catalase) inside the cell?

A

Catalase breaks down H2O2 before it can do any damage because it’s toxic to the cell.
Oxidase is used to tell us if bacterium has Electron Transport Chain.

122
Q

What molecule in humans is used to break down hydrogen peroxide?

A

Peroxidase

123
Q

What molecule determines the presence of cytochrome c in bacteria?

A

Oxidase

124
Q

What molecule is used by bacteria to break down hydrogen peroxide?

A

Catalase

125
Q

Define: Nitrate Reductase

A

Enzyme responsible for nitrate respiration

126
Q

Define: Nitrite Reductase

A

Denitrification

127
Q

What media is used for Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test?

A

Nitrate Broth

128
Q

What media is used for Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test?

A

Nitrate Broth

129
Q

What’s the name of the reagent used to determine results for Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test?

A

Nitrate A and Nitrate B

130
Q

For Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test, identify and physically describe a (+) result?

A

(+) result is indicated by RED COLOR IN TUBE and means bacteria (+) for nitrate respiration and (-) for denitrification

131
Q

What’s the name of the reagent used to determine results for Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test?

A

Nitrate A and Nitrate B; Zinc Powder; HCL

132
Q

For Nitrate Respiration/Denitrification test, identify and physically describe a (-) result?

A

If red color does not appear after Nitrate A&B added, add Zn powder and HCL and if it turns red, bacteria (-) for nitrate respiration and (-) for denitrification. If it does NOT TURN RED, then bacteria (+) for nitrate respiration and (+) for denitrification

133
Q

Name all possible reagents that could be used for Nitrate Respiration.

A

Nitrate A and Nitrate B;
Zinc Powder;
HCL

134
Q

Define: **Nitrate Respiration

A

Reduction of nitrate to nitrite

135
Q

Define: **Denitrification

A

Reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide

136
Q

In lab, a bacterium is found to be (+) for nitrate respiration and (-) for denitrification. How was this result determined?

A

This was determined by adding Nitrate A and Nitrate B.

137
Q

Define: **Enteric

A

Intestinal

138
Q

Define: Pure Culture

A

a culture in which only 1 strain is present

139
Q

Define: **Coliform

A

gram negative, enteric, bacillus shaped bacteria

140
Q

What is the purpose of using a miniature rapid biochemical system (Enteropluri)?

A

To help us identify an unknown bacterium by looking at its metabolic profile

141
Q

What is the specific miniature system used for Enteropluri?

A

Enterotube II

142
Q

What type of bacteria does Enteropluri help us identify?

A

Most enteric bacteria

143
Q

Define: Antimicrobial

A

Chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of a microbe

144
Q

Define: Antibiotic

A

Chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria

145
Q

Define: Antimicrobial Susceptibility

A

sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics

146
Q

Define: Antimicrobial Resistance

A

ability for microbes to grow in the presence of chemical that would normally kill them

147
Q

Define: Kriby-Bauer method

A

standardized procedure used to do antibiotic susceptibility testing

148
Q

Define: Zone of inhibition

A

area around filter paper disk where there is no bacterial growth

149
Q

Define: Antimicrobial Resistance

A

antibiotic does not work for specific bacterium

150
Q

What is the media used for Antimicrobial Susceptibility test?

A

Mueller Hinton Agar

151
Q

What’s the procedure to determine if a given antibiotic will work against a particular bacterium?

A

Kirby-Bauer Method

152
Q

What is the miniaturized rapid biochemical system used in lab?

A

Enteropluri

153
Q

What specific type of bacteria does Enteropluri (Miniaturized Rapid Biochemical System) help identify?

A

Enteric bacteria

154
Q

What is one advantage of using a miniaturized rapid biochemical system (enteropluri)?

A

Saves space in incubator and time

155
Q

Define: **Zone of inhibition

A

area around filter paper disk where there is no bacterial growth

156
Q

What does resistant mean?

A

antibiotic will not work against the bacterium to kill or inhibit growth

157
Q

What does sensitive mean?

A

susceptible meaning it will work to kill or inhibit growth of bacterium

158
Q

Define: Lawning Technique

A

Surface of agar that is covered with bacteria by swabbing

159
Q

Define: **Bacteriostatic

A

Anything that inhibits bacterial growth

160
Q

Definie: **Bacteriocidal

A

Anything that kills bacterial cells

161
Q

What is the name of the media used in Action of Disinfectants and Antiseptics test?

A

Nutrient Agar

162
Q

What is the name of the media used in Action of Disinfectants and Antiseptics test?

A

Nutrient Agar

163
Q

In the Action of Disinfectants and Antiseptics test, what is the outcome of each disk?

A

If there is a zone of inhibition, then that cleaner is effective at either killing or preventing growth of the specific bacterium.

164
Q

Define: **Disinfectant

A

Chemical that kills vegetative cells on animate or inanimate surfaces

165
Q

Define: **Sanitizer

A

used in food industry to kill vegetative cells on already cleaned surfaces

166
Q

Define: **Antiseptic

A

chemical that inhibits the growth of bacterial cells

167
Q

Define: Thymine Dimer

A

prevents DNA duplication

168
Q

Define: Light Repair

A

enzyme system that requires visible light and helps microbes from thymine dimers

169
Q

Define: Dark Repair

A

enzyme system that operates in the absence of light and helps microbes from thymine dimers

170
Q

Define: Mutation

A

changes in DNA sequence

171
Q

Define: Germicidal

A

130nm-400nm

172
Q

Define: Electromagnetic spectrum

A

range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

173
Q

What are the wavelengths of UV Light?

A

130-400nm

174
Q

What is the most effective wavelength of UV Light?

A

256nm

175
Q

What are limitations of using UV light as a germicidal agent?

A

Low penetration, light repair, dark repair

176
Q

What is the purpose of the shape placed over the agar before exposure of UV light?

A

the shape cut-out blocks the specific area where it is placed on the place and when exposed to UV light, the shape is blocking the UV light from affecting the bacteria under it.

177
Q

What is the purpose of wrapping the plates in foil during incubation?

A

To block all light out of the plate to prevent light repair

178
Q

What are effects of UV light on genetic information?

A

UV light on microbes can cause mutations of DNA

179
Q

How does UV light damage bacteria?

A

it causes thymine dimers (prevents DNA replication) which causes cell death

180
Q

test

A

test

A&P II (13 decks)

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