micro test 1

Question 1

characteristic of cellular life: uptake of nutrients from the environment within the cell, and elimination of wastes into the environment.

Answer 1

metabolism

Question 2

characteristic of cellular life: chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the direction of preexisting cells

Answer 2

reproduction

Question 3

characteristic of cellular life: formation of a new cell structure such as a spore, usually part of a cellular life cycle

Answer 3

differentiation

Question 4

characteristic of cellular life: cells communicate or interact primarily by means of chemicals that are released or taken up

Answer 4

communication

Question 5

characteristic of cellular life: living organisms are often capable of self propulsion

Answer 5

movement

Question 6

characteristic of cellular life: cells contain genes and evolve to display new biological properties.

Answer 6

evolution

Question 7

microbiologist: first to describe microorganisms, coined the term cells on viewing cork

Answer 7

Robert Hooke

Question 8

microbiologist: first to describe bacterial cells, “wee animalcules”

Answer 8

leeuwenhoek

Question 9

microbiologist: founder of the science of bacteriology, defined bacteria, developed initial classification scheme for bacteria

Answer 9

Cohn

Question 10

microbiologist: microbes in lactic acid fermentation, yeast in alcohol fermentation, disproof of spontaneous generation, developed vaccines

Answer 10

Pasteur

Question 11

microbiologist: developed methods for pure cultures, postulates for determination of the etiological agents of disease, discovered cause of tuberculoses

Answer 11

Koch

Question 12

microbiologist: germ theory of disease

Answer 12

Koch

Question 13

microbiologist: enrichment culture, nitrogen fixation, first to describe viruses

Answer 13

Beijerinck

Question 14

microbiologist: chemolithotropy

Answer 14

Winogradsky

Question 15

— typically contain a single circular chromosome

Answer 15

prokaryotes

Question 16

— normally have pairs of several linear chromsomes

Answer 16

eukaryotes

Question 17

prokaryotes are — (haploid/diploid?)

Answer 17

haploid

Question 18

circular, extrachromosomal, genetic elements

Answer 18

plasmids

Question 19

are plasmids essential under standard growing conditions

Answer 19

no

Question 20

the – is a membrane enclosed structure that contains the chromosomes in eukaryotic cells

Answer 20

nucleus

Question 21

the — is the aggregated mass of DNA that constitutes the chromosome of cells of bacteria and archaea

Answer 21

nucleoid

Question 22

– get energy from chemicals

Answer 22

chemotrophs

Question 23

— get energy from the sun

Answer 23

phototrophs

Question 24

— get energy from organic chemicals

Answer 24

chemoorganotrophs

Question 25

--- get energy from inorganic chemicals

Answer 25

chemolithotrophs

Question 26

--- get carbon from organic compounds

Answer 26

heterotrophs

Question 27

all chemoorganotrophs are --

Answer 27

heterotrophs

Question 28

--- use completely oxidized carbon as their carbon source

Answer 28

autotrophs

Question 29

-- producers are the autotrophs, organisms that produce organic carbon dioxide

Answer 29

primary

Question 30

large group of bacteria that are gram negative

Answer 30

proteobacteria

Question 31

group of bacteria that includes endospore-formers bacillus and clostridium, gram +

Answer 31

gram positive bacteria

Question 32

group of bacteria that are oxygenic phototrophs

Answer 32

cyanobacteria

Question 33

group of stalked bacteria

Answer 33

planctomycetes

Question 34

group of bacteria with long, thin, spiral shapes

Answer 34

spirochetes

Question 35

group of bacteria that are highly resistant to radiation

Answer 35

deinoccoci

Question 36

group of archaea that are extreme heat dwelling

Answer 36

pyrolobus

Question 37

group of archaea that are salt loving

Answer 37

halobacteria

Question 38

group of archaea that have no cell wall and grow at a pH <1

Answer 38

thermoplasma

Question 39

mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a phototroph

Answer 39

lichen

Question 40

--- makes up about 70% of the weight of a typical bacterial cell (molecule)

Answer 40

water

Question 41

non-informational biological macromolecules (2)

Answer 41

polysaccharides, lipids

Question 42

informational biological macromolecules (2)

Answer 42

nucleic acids, proteins

Question 43

pentoses are used for --

Answer 43

nucleic acids

Question 44

hexoses are used for --

Answer 44

storage molecules, cell wall monomers

Question 45

cell wall precursor

Answer 45

N-acetylglucosamine

Question 46

do different glycosidic bonds result in different properties in polysaccharides

Answer 46

yes

Question 47

macromolecule: amphipathic, aggregate to form membranes, energy rich bonds, good for storage

Answer 47

lipids

Question 48

pyrimidines

Answer 48

cytosine, thymine, uracil

Question 49

purines

Answer 49

adenine, guanine

Question 50

macromolecule: informational, components are C5 carbohydrates, nitrogenous base, and phosphate

Answer 50

nucleic acid

Question 51

what attaches to 1' carbon of a ribose

Answer 51

nitrogen base

Question 52

what attaches to the 3' carbon of ribose

Answer 52

phosphodiester bond/other nucleotides

Question 53

what happens at the 2' carbon of a ribose

Answer 53

OH or H

Question 54

macromolecule: peptide bonds, structural complexity, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

Answer 54

proteins

Question 55

protein secondary structures

Answer 55

alpha helices, beta sheets

Question 56

microscopy: type of microscopy that includes bright-field, phase contrast, dark field, and fluorescence

Answer 56

light

Question 57

-- microscopy allows visualization of samples with sufficient contrast. using wet mounts, live cells can be examined

Answer 57

bright field

Question 58

-- increases contrast in cells by absorbing transmitted light. it can kill cells and distort their morphologies

Answer 58

staining

Question 59

differential stain

Answer 59

gram stain

Question 60

-- microscopy allows visualization of samples that have poor contrast (low absorption), but have different refractive indicies. converts phase differences

Answer 60

phase contrast

Question 61

--- microscopy where light admitted to the objective is only that reflected by, or defracted through the sample

Answer 61

darkfield

Question 62

--- microscopy where polarized light is split into distinct beams, and then generate a 3d image

Answer 62

differential interference contrast (DIC)

Question 63

-- microscopy: no lenses, not a form of light microscopy, image is generated by a stylus that scans the specimen and the image is generated by a computer, image is 3d

Answer 63

atomic force

Question 64

-- microscopy: laser illumination is directed through a thin plane of focus, digital images collected on a computer can be stacked to produce a 3d view of a complex, thick specimen

Answer 64

confocal scanning laser

Question 65

microscopy: uses electrons instead of light waves for increased resolution, about 1000x smaller than a light microscope

Answer 65

electron

Question 66

--- microscopy: uses electromagnets to focus electron beam through the sample, can examine internal detail

Answer 66

transmission EM

Question 67

--- microscopy: for viewing surfaces only, specimen is coated in an e- dense film, e- are reflected from sample to detector and assembled into an image

Answer 67

scanning EM

Question 68

--- linkages are common in bacterial and eukaryotic phospholipids

Answer 68

ester

Question 69

--- linkages are common in archaeal phospholipids

Answer 69

ether

Question 70

--- compose the hydrophobic portion of bacterial membranes

Answer 70

fatty acids

Question 71

polymers of isoprene called --- compose the hydrophobic portion of archaeal membranes

Answer 71

phytanyl

Question 72

planar lipids that are rare in prokaryotes

Answer 72

sterols

Question 73

planar lipids that are found in bacteria but not known in archaea

Answer 73

hopanoids

Question 74

membrane function: prevents leakage and functions as a gateway for transport and nutrients into and out of the cell

Answer 74

permeability barrier

Question 75

membrane function: site of many proteins involved in transport, bioenergetics, and chemotaxis

Answer 75

protein anchor

Question 76

membrane function: site of generation and use of the proton motive force

Answer 76

energy conservation

Question 77

transport driven by the energy in the proton motive force

Answer 77

simple

Question 78

transportation where chemical modification of the transported substance is driven by phosphoenolpyruvate

Answer 78

group translocation

Question 79

transportation where periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP

Answer 79

ABC system

Question 80

simple transporter with one direction transport and a single molecule

Answer 80

uniporter

Question 81

simple transporter with two direction transport with two molecules

Answer 81

antiporter

Question 82

simple transporter with one direction transport with two molecules

Answer 82

symporters

Question 83

glucose, mannose, and fructose are all controlled by the phosphotransferase system, which is the --- method of transporting

Answer 83

group translocation

Question 84

do all cells have cell walls

Answer 84

no

Question 85

archaea lack ---, but have cell walls made of different polysaccharides

Answer 85

peptidoglycan

Question 86

do gram positives or gram negatives have a larger peptidoglycan layer

Answer 86

gram positives

Question 87

allow for permeability across the outer membrane, create channels that traverse the membrane

Answer 87

porins