Microbe Epidemiology Vocab

Question 1

Disease

Answer 1

any deviation from health

Question 2

Infectious disease

Answer 2

the disruption of tissue/organs caused by microbes or their products

Question 3

Microbial Antagonism

Answer 3

the inhibiting effect that normal biota have on invading microbes

Question 4

Pathogenicity

Answer 4

an organism’s potential to cause disease

Question 5

True pathogens

Answer 5

causes disease in healthy hosts

Question 6

opportunistic Pathognes

Answer 6

causes disease in immunocompromised hosts or when they establish in a part of the body that is not natural to them

Question 7

Virulence

Answer 7

the degree of pathogenicity

relative severity of disease caused by a microorganism

Question 8

Virulence factors

Answer 8

characteristic that aid pathogen in causing disease

Question 9

Antiphagocytic factors

Answer 9

allows some pathogens to evade phagocytes

Question 10

Leuocidins

Answer 10

substances toxic to white blood cells

Question 11

Exogenous infections

Answer 11

infectious agents that originate outside the body

Question 12

Endogenous infections

Answer 12

infectious agents that originate inside the body

Question 13

Infectious dose

Answer 13

The minimum number of of pathogens required for infection to occur

Question 14

Signs

Answer 14

changes in pathology that are viewable by an observer

Question 15

Symptoms

Answer 15

changes in pathology as a seen by the patient

Question 16

Adhesion

Answer 16

the process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold on host tissues

Question 17

exotoxins

Answer 17

proteins with a strong cel specificity and effect

Question 18

Endotoxin

Answer 18

liposaccharide excreted from gram negative cells

Question 19

Latency

Answer 19

the retreat of a pathogen to a dormant state

Question 20

sequelae

Answer 20

form of long-term permanent damage to tissues or organs

Question 21

Reservoirs

Answer 21

primary habitat in the natrual world that pathogen originates

Question 22

Transmitter

Answer 22

host or thing that the infection is acquired from

Question 23

Carrier

Answer 23

an individual who unknowingly shelters a pathogen and spreads it to oithers with any notice

Question 24

Asympotmatic carrier state

Answer 24

infected but show no signs

Question 25

incubating carrier state

Answer 25

spread infection during incubation period

Question 26

convalescent carrier state

Answer 26

recoverinf patient without symptoms , shed viable microbes

Question 27

Chronic carrier state

Answer 27

chelter infectious agents due to latency of agent

Question 28

passive carrier state

Answer 28

health care associate that transfers the pathogen to other patients

Question 29

Zoonosis

Answer 29

infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to human, the result of animal reservoirs

Question 30

Incidence

Answer 30

measures the number of NEW CASES over a certain time period

Question 31

Prevalnce

Answer 31

the number of existing cases with respect to the entire population

Question 32

Epidemiology

Answer 32

Involves the study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined populations

Question 33

point-source

Answer 33

single source peak with gradual decline from single infection

Question 34

Common source

Answer 34

common exposure to a single source of infection that occurs over a period of time

Question 35

Propagated epidemic

Answer 35

results from an infectious agents that is communicable from person to person and sustains over time in a population

Question 36

Koch's Postulates

Answer 36

a test to prove the causative agent

Question 37

Vertical modes of transmission

Answer 37

transmission from parent to offspring via sperm/egg, placenta, or milk

Question 38

Horizontal modes of transmission

Answer 38

spread from one infected person to another

Question 39

Direct transmission

Answer 39

horizontal infection where infected comes in contact with skin or mucous of the infectee

Question 40

Indirect transmission

Answer 40

agent goes from host to intermediate to infectee

Question 41

Fomite

Answer 41

inanimate object

Question 42

Vehicle

Answer 42

natural, nonliving transmitter

Question 43

Incubation

Answer 43

The time from initial infection and the appearance of the first symptom

Question 44

Prodome

Answer 44

the earliest notable symptoms

Question 45

Convalescent

Answer 45

recovery, patient becomes stronger

Question 46

Nephrotoxic

Answer 46

toxin that affects the kidneys

Question 47

Enterotoxin

Answer 47

toxin that affect the intestines

Question 48

Hemotoxin

Answer 48

toxin that affect red blood cell

Question 49

Neurotoxin

Answer 49

toxin that affect nervous system

Question 50

Localized infection

Answer 50

microbes enter the body, remain confined to a specific tissue

Question 51

Systemic infection

Answer 51

infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids

Question 52

Focal incfection

Answer 52

infectious agents spread from local sites and is carried to other tissues

Question 53

Mixed infections

Answer 53

Several agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site

Question 54

Primary infection

Answer 54

the intial infection

Question 55

ACUTE infections

Answer 55

infection that comes on quickly and severely but is brief

Question 56

Chronic infection

Answer 56

infection that progresses and persists over a long period of time