Microbes in Human Welfare NCERT Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Microbes are visible to the naked eye.
(T/F)
A
False,
Microbes are visible by Compound microscope only.
2
Q
Microbes are present everywhere.
(T/F)
A
True,
3
Q
Some Microbes are present even at sites where no other life-form could possibly exist like:-
A
Sites such as:-
I. Deep inside Geysers (thermal vents)(temperature above 100 degrees C)
II. Deep in the soil
III. Under the layers of snow several meters thick
IV. In highly acidic environments.
4
Q
Microbes are diverse. Examples.
A
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
microscopic plant Virus
Viroids
Prions
5
Q
Proteinaceous infectious agents are called:-
A
Prions
6
Q
______, which causes respiratory infections
A
Adenovirus
7
Q
TMV stands for:-
A
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (Rod-shaped)
8
Q
Microbes can be cultured in an Artificial medium in a petri dish.
(T/F)
A
True
9
Q
Are all microbes can be cultured?
A
No,
Microbes like bacteria and many fungi can be grown on nutritive media to form colonies.
10
Q
Microbes can be grown on __________ to form colonies that can be seen with the naked eye. Such cultures are useful in studies on micro-organisms.
A
nutritive media
11
Q
Microbes cause a large number of diseases in human beings, animals, and plants.
(T/F)
A
True
12
Q
All microbes are harmful.
(T/F)
A
False,
Several microbes are useful to man in diverse ways.
13
Q
Applications of Microbes:-
A
I. Households products
II. Industrial products
III. Enzymes, Acids, and Bioactive molecules
IV. Biogas plant
V. Sewage Treatment plant
VI. Bioconntrol Agents
VII. Biofertilizers
14
Q
Which microbes grow in milk and convert it to curd?
A
LAB
15
Q
LAB full form-
A
lactic acid bacteria
16
Q
An example of LAB.
A
Lactobacillus
17
Q
LAB produces acids that coagulate and ______ (completely/partially) digest the _______
A
partially; milk proteins
18
Q
In order to produce curd, milk is added to ______, as a starter containing millions of LAB.
A
inoculum
19
Q
LAB multiplies at all temperatures to convert milk to curd.
(T/F)
A
False,
LAB only multiplies at a suitable temperature.
20
Q
Functions of LAB:
A
I. Improve the nutritional quality of curd by increasing vitamin B12.
II. In our stomach, LAB checks disease-causing microbes
21
Q
______ fermentation which is ______ respiration in the dough is used to make food such as dosa, idli, etc.
A
Bacterial fermentation; Anaerobic respiration
22
Q
The puffed-up appearance of idli or dosa dough is due to-
A
CO2 gas
23
Q
Dough used for making bread is fermented using ______
A
Baker’s yeast
24
Q
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is also called -
A
Baker’s yeast and brewer’s yeast
25
______ is a traditional drink in south India.
Toddy
26
Toddy is made by fermenting ______ from ______.
sap from palms
27
Microbes are also used to ferment ______ to make foods.
Fish, soyabean, and bamboo shoots
28
______ is one of the oldest food items in which microbes were used.
Cheese
29
Different varieties of cheese are known by their characteristics:
I. Texture
II. Flavour
III. Taste
IV. Specificity of the microbes used.
30
Large holes are present in ______ cheese due to the production of large amounts of ______.
Swiss; CO2
31
Swiss cheese is formed by the bacteria _______.
Propionibacterium sharmanii
32
_______ cheese is ripened by growing specific fungi ______ on them.
Roquefort cheese; Propionibacterium Roqueforti
33
Microbes in industrial products like:-
I. Fermented Beverages
II. Antibiotics
III. Chemicals, Enzymes, and other Bioactive Molecules
34
Production of beverages and antibiotics on an industrial scale requires growing microbes in very large vessels called _______.
fermentors
35
Types of Alcoholic drinks depend upon:
I. Raw material
II. Processing (with or without distillation)
36
Examples of beverages formed by yeast.
wine, beer, whisky, brandy, or rum
37
______ used in the production of alcoholic beverages.
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
38
Brewer's yeast is used to ferment _______and ______ to produce ethanol.
Malted cereals and fruit juices
39
Alcoholic beverages of fermented broth produced:
I. Without distillation -
II. With distillation -
Yeast will die at ____ % of alcohol.
I. Without distillation - (13-14% or less alcohol) - beer, wine
II. With distillation - (40-60% alcohol) - Whisky, brandy, and rum
Yeast will die at more than 14% of alcohol
40
Chemical substances which are produced by some microbes and can kill or retard growth of other microbes are called:-
Antibiotics
41
Antibiotics mean ‘against life.’
But, with reference to human beings, they are ______.
Pro-life (not against)
42
The first discovered antibiotic was:-
Penicillin
43
_______ was working on _______ (bacteria), and noticed that bacteria were not able to grow because of ________ (fungi).
Alexander Fleming; Staphylococci; Penicillium notatum
44
The full potential of penicillium as an antibiotic was established by two scientist namely -
Ernest Chain and Howard Florey
45
Nobel prize for the establishment of Penicillin as an effective antibiotic was awarded to ______ in ______ year.
Alexander Fleming, Ernest Chain, and Howard Florey;
1945
46
______ was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War II.
Penicillin antibiotic
47
Antibiotics treat deadly diseases such as:
Plague,
Whooping cough (kali khansi)
Diphtheria (gal ghotu)
Leprosy (kusht rog)
48
Acid producers of these acids are:-
i. Citric acid -
ii. Acetic acid -
iii. Butyric acid -
iv. lactic acid -
i. Citric acid - Aspergillus niger (fungus)
ii. Acetic acid - Acetobacter aceti (bacterium)
iii. Butyric acid - Clostridium butylicum (bacterium)
iv. lactic acid - Lactobacillus (bacterium)
49
Lipases enzyme are used as:
I. Detergent formulations
II. In removing oily stains from the laundry
50
Bottled fruit juices bought from the market are clearer as compared to those made at home.
Why?
Bottled juices are clarified using pectinases and proteases
51
________ produced by Streptococcus is used as a ________.
Streptokinase; Clot buster
52
Clot buster used for:
For removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infaction leading to a heart attack.
53
______ bioactive molecule used as an immuno-suppressive agent in organ-transplanted patients.
Cyclosporin A
54
Cyclosporin A is produced by (bacteria/fungus) ______.
Fungus - Trichoderma polysporum
55
Statin is produced by the yeast/fungus _________.
Yeast - Monascus purpureus
56
Statins act as:
Blood-cholesterol lowering agents
57
Statin ______ (competitively/non-competitively) inhibits enzyme responsible for synthesis of cholesterol.
Competitively
58
Municipal wastewater generated every day is called:-
sewage
59
______ is a major component of Sewage.
Human Excreta.
60
Microbes in Sewage are ______.
Pathogenic
61
Sewage is treated in ______ to make it less polluting.
sewage treatment plants (STPs)
62
Treatment of waste water is done by ______ (autotrophic/heterotrophic) microbes naturally present in sewage.
heterotrophic
63
Wastewater treatment is done in two stages:
Primary and Secondary treatment
64
Primary treatment means ______ (physical/chemical) removal of particles (large and small) through ______ and _______.
Physical;
filtration and sedimentation
65
Floating debris from wastewater is removed by:-
sequential filtration
66
Grit is ______ which is removed from wastewater by ______.
soil and small pebbles;
Sedimentation
67
During primary treatment, all solids that settle form _______, and the supernatant forms ______.
Primary sludge; Effluent
68
_____________ from primary treatment is taken for secondary treatment.
Effluent
69
Secondary treatment is called ______ (chemical/biological) treatment.
Biological treatment
70
In Secondary treatment, primary effluent is passed into ______, where it is constantly ______ mechanically, and ______ is pumped into it.
large aeration tanks; agitated; air
71
Constant agitation and pumping of air into aeration tanks allow vigorous growth of useful ________ into ______.
aerobic microbes; flocs
72
Flocs are:
Flocs are masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments.
73
Flocs are ______-like structures.
mesh-like
74
While growing, aerobic microbes consume a major part of ______ in the effluent.
This significantly reduces the ______ of the effluent.
organic matter; BOD
75
BOD stands for:
Biochemical oxygen demand
76
Define BOD.
BOD is the amount of oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in one liter of water were oxidized by bacteria.
77
The sewage water is treated till ______ is reduced.
BOD
78
BOD test measures the rate of uptake of ______ by microorganisms in a sample of water.
oxygen
79
Indirectly, BOD is a measure of ______ present in the water
Organic matter
80
The greater the BOD of wastewater, the more its ______ potential.
polluting
81
During Biological treatment of water, when BOD of ______ is reduced, it is passed into a ______.
effluent; settling tank
82
Sediment of Settling tank is called.
Activated sludge
83
Sediment of settling tank or activated sludge is composed of:-
Bacterial flocs
84
A small part of the activated sludge is pumped back into ______ as ______.
Aeration tank; inoculum
85
A major portion of activated sludge is pumped into large tanks called:-
Anaerobic sludge digesters
86
In anaerobic sludge digesters, other bacteria grow _________ (aerobic/anaerobic) and digest bacteria and fungi from ______.
anaerobically; sludge
87
In anaerobic sludge digesters,
During digestion, anaerobic bacteria produce gases like _________, _________, and ________.
Methane(50-60%)
Hydrogen Sulphide
Carbon dioxide
88
Gases released during anaerobic digestion together form _____.
biogas
89
Biogas is used as a source of energy as it is ______.
inflammable
90
After secondary treatment, ______ is released into natural water bodies.
Effluent
91
For more than a century, no man-made technology has been able to rival ______ treatment of sewage.
microbial
92
Untreated sewage is discharged directly into rivers leading to pollution and _______ diseases.
water-borne
93
Ministry of Environment and Forests has initiated ______ and ______ to save our major rivers by building a large number of STPs.
Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan
94
Biogas is a mixture of gases:
I. Predominantly containing ______
II. Produced by ______ activity
III. Used as ______
I. Methane
II. Microbial activity
III. Fuel
95
During ______ and ______, microbes produce different types of gaseous end-products
growth and metabolism
96
The type of Gas produced depends upon ______ and ______.
Microbes and Organic substrates they utilize.
97
______ is the main gas produced by microbes used in the fermentation of dough, cheese making, and production of beverages.
CO2
98
Methanogens are a group of ______ (fungi/bacteria) which grow ______ (aerobic/anaerobically) on ______ material to produce a large amount of ______ along with ______ and ______.
bacteria; anaerobically; cellulosic; methane; CO2 and H2
99
An example of Methanogen bacterium is:-
Methanobacterium
100
Methanogens are commonly found in ______ during sewage treatment.
anaerobic sludge
101
Rumen is a part of ______ in ______.
stomach; cattle
102
______ bacteria is present in Rumen of cattle.
Methanogens
103
Methanogens present in rumens help in the breakdown of ______ present in ______.
Hence, plays an important role in ______ of cattle.
Cellulose; fodder
nutrition
104
Excreta of cattle is called ______, is rich in these bacteria.
Dung can be used for generation of ______.
Gobar (dung);
Biogas (Gobar gas)
105
Biogas plant consists of _____ tank, which is ______ feet deep in which ______ are collected, and _______ of dung is fed.
concrete; 10-15 ft. ; bio-wastes; slurry
106
In the Concrete tank, ______ is placed over the slurry, which ______ (rises/decreases) as the gas is produced in the tank due to ______ activity.
Floating cover; rises; microbial activity
107
Biogas plant has two ______.
Outlet;
108
One Outlet, which is connected to a ______ to supply
______ to nearby houses.
pipe; biogas
109
Another Outlet is used to remove _______ (used as ______).
spent slurry; fertilizer
110
Biogas plants are usually built in ________ areas where ______ is available in large quantities.
rural; cattle dung
111
Biogas is used for ______ and ______.
cooking and lighting
112
Technology of biogas production was developed by the efforts of ________ and __________.
IARI and KVIC
113
IARI stands for:
KVIC stands for:
Indian Agricultural Research Institute;
Khadi and Village Industries Commission
114
The use of biological methods for controlling plant diseases and pests is called:-
Biocontrol
115
Weedicides are used to remove _______ from soil.
weeds
116
______ is the method of controlling pests based on natural ______ instead of ______.
Biocontrol / Biological control; predation; chemicals
117
Biocontrol does not involve use of chemicals to control pests.
T/F
True
118
Key belief of organic farmers -
Biodiversity furthers health
119
Landscapes having more variety are more sustainable.
T/F
True
120
Eradication of pests completely is needed for an organic farmer.
T/F
False,
Not completely eradicated but are kept at manageable levels
121
Organic farmer wants to keep pests at manageable levels through a complex system of ______.
checks and balances
122
In organic farming, ______ (GMO/Wild type) plants are used.
123
Name two very familiar Biocontrol agents.
Ladybird and Dragonflies
124
A Beetle with red and black markings is ______ is used to get rid of ______.
Ladybird; aphids
125
Dragonflies are used to get rid of:-
mosquitoes
126
______ bacteria is an example of a microbial biocontrol agent which is used to control butterfly caterpillars.
Bacillus thuringiensis
127
Bt is available in sachet as dried/moist spores.
dried spores
128
Bt spores are applied to vulnerable plants like ________ and ________.
brassicas; fruit trees
129
In the _______ of the larvae of insect that ingested Bt toxin, the toxin is released and the larvae get killed.
gut
130
Give an example of Bt crop which is being cultivated in some states of our country.
Bt-cotton
131
Fungus which is an effective biocontrol agent of several plant pathogens is:-
Trichoderma
132
Pathogens which attack insects and other arthropods are:-
Baculoviruses
133
Majority of baculoviruses, used as biocontrol agent, belong to genus:-
Nucleopolyhedrovirus
134
Biocontrol agents which are desirable in an overall integrated pest management programme are:-
Baculoviruses
135
Which fertilisers are used in organic farming?
Biofertilisers
136
The organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil are:-
Biofertilisers
137
Main source of biofertilisers are bacteria, ________ and __________.
fungi; cyanobacteria
138
Nodules on roots of leguminous plants are formed by the symbiotic association of ____________
Rhizobium
139
Free living bacteria which fix atmospheric nitrogen are _________ and _________.
Azospirillum; Azotobacter
140
A _______________ is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant
mycorrhiza
141
Many members of the genus _______ form mycorrhiza.
Glomus
142
Fungal symbiont in mycorrhiza provides plant with which element?
Phosphorus
143
Give examples of cyanobacteria fixing atmospheric nitrogen:-
Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria
144
Cyanobacteria serves as an important biofertiliser usually in ________ fields.
paddy
