Microbial Control in the Environment Flashcards
1
Q
–Kills the target organism(s)
–Bactericidal, fungicidal
A
•-cidal
2
Q
–Inhibition of growth of target organism(s)
–Bacteriostatic, fungistatic
A
•-static
3
Q
–a process that destroys all viable microbes, including viruses and endospores
A
•Sterilization
4
Q
–A process that kills viable pathogens and reduces the number of spoilage organisms
A
•Pasteurization
5
Q
–a process to destroy vegetative pathogens, not endospores on inanimate objects
A
•Disinfection
6
Q
–a process to destroy vegetative pathogens, not endospores on living tissue
A
•Antisepsis
7
Q
–Disinfection to meet public health standards
–Public surfaces
A
•Sanitization
8
Q
–Mechanical removal of microbes from skin
A
•Degerming
9
Q
Contol method that uses:
–Temperature
–Radiation
–Filtration
A
•Physical Control
10
Q
Type of Physical Control that:
–Inhibits growth and metabolism
–Does not kill
–Refrigeration
–Freezing
A
(Temperature) Cold
11
Q
Cold Methods
A
- Refrigeration
- Freezing
12
Q
–Refrigeration halts growth of most pathogens
–Psychrophilic microbes can multiply in refrigerated foods
A
•Refrigeration (Cold method)
13
Q
–Decreases microbial metabolism, growth, and reproduction
–Limits amount of available water (ice is solid)
A
Freezing (cold method)
14
Q
Type of Physical Method That:
–Kills Cells
–Denatures proteins
–Interferes with integrity of cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall
–Disrupts structure and function of nucleic acids
A
(Temperature) Heat
15
Q
Heat Methods
A
- Pasteurization
- Autoclaving
16
Q
A
Pasteurization
17
Q
A
Autoclaving (Retort)
18
Q
A
Filtration
19
Q
A
20
Q
A
•Ionizing radiation
21
Q
A
•Nonionizing radiation
22
Q
–Chemical control for inanimate surfaces
A
•Disinfectants
23
Q
Chemical control for animate surfaces
A
•Antiseptics
24
Q
Type of microbial control that is:
•Used dependent upon application and purpose
A
Chemical control
- Disinfectants
- Antiseptics
25
Chemical Control Agents
* Phenolics
* Alcohols
* Halogens
* Heavy metals
26
Chemical Control Agent that:
## Footnote
* Disrupt cell membranes and denature proteins
* Hand soap, cleaners, mouthwash
* Chlorhexidine, triclosan
Phenolics
27
Chemical Control Agent that:
## Footnote
* Disrupt membrane structures and denature proteins
* Aqueous solutions of 60-95% ethanol and isopropanol most effective
Alcohols
28
Chemical Control Agent that:
Halogens
29
Chemical Control Agent that:
Heavy Metals
30
A substance that kills bacteria
Bactericide
31
A biological or chemical agent which stops bacteria from reproducing, while not necessarly killing them otherwise
Bacteriostatic
32
Strain of ***S. aureus*** that is resistant to many common antimicrobial drugs, and has emerged as a major nosocomial problem
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant ***Staphyococcus aureus***
33
Strain of *S. aureus* that is resistant to vancomycin and usually resistant to many common antimicrobial drugs as well.
Vancomycin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus*
**(VRSA)**
34
Any compound used to treat infectious disease; may also function as intermediate level disinfectant
Antimicrobial
35
Chemotherapeutic agent used to treat microbial infection
Antimicrobial agent
36
Intermediate-level disinfectant that denatures proteins and disrupts cells membranes
* widely used disinfectants and antiseptics; will not kill endospores; act by denaturing proteins and possibly by dissolving membrane lipids
Alchohols
37
Device that uses steam heat under pressure to sterilize chemicals and objects that can tolerate moist heat.
Autoclave
38
Process by which a protein's three-dimensional structure is altered, eliminating function.
Denaturation
39
Disinfection
40
Physical or chemical agent used to inhibit or destroy microorganisms on inanimate objects
Disinfectant
41
Antisepsis
42
Chemical used to inhibit or kill microorganisms on skin or tissue
Antiseptic
43
Sterile
44
The eradication of all organisms, including bacterial endospores and viruses, although not prions, in or on an object
Sterilization
45
The process of disinfection surfaces and utensils used by the public
Sanitization
46
a substance or other agent that destroys harmful microorganisms; an antiseptic
Germicide
47
the presence in tissues of harmful bacteria and their toxins, typically through infection of a wound
Sepsis
48
Asepsis
49
Degermation
50
Is the removal of all foreign material from objects by using water and detergents, soaps, enzymes and the mechanical action of washing or scrubbing the object.
Cleaning
51
Is partial sterilization of a substance and especially a liquid (as milk) at a temperature and for a period of exposure that destroys objectionable organisms without major chemical alteration of the substance
Pasteurization
52
"thermal treatment"
A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials into ash, flue gas, and heat.
Incineration
53
The state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying
Disiccation
54
At -20 ° C is used to preserve foods in homes and in the food industry, does not sterilize foods, it does significantly slow the rate of chemical reactions so that microorganism does not cause food to spoil
Freezing
55
Removal or water from a frozen culture or other substance by means of vacuum pressure.
Used for the long-term perservation of cells and food.
Lyophilization
56
An essential food storage technique which involves maintaining a a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water in order to lower the reproduction rate of bacteria, hence reducing spoilage.
Refrigeration
57
Ionizing radiation
58
Nonionizing radiation
59
An electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm (30 PHz) to 400 nm (750 THz), shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
60
A pair of abnormally chemically bonded adjacent thymine bases in DNA, resulting from damage by ultra-violet irradiation
Inhibits cellular reproduction
Thymine dimers
61
The physical removal of microorganisms from liquid that may be destroyed by heat (such as blood serum, enzyme solutions, antibiotics, and some bacteriological media and medium constituents) by filtering through materials having relatively small pores.
Filtration
62
Penicillin
63
Probiotics
64
Acyclovir
65
Tetracyclines
66
Chloramphenicol
67
Fluoroquinolones
68
Sulfonamides
69
Aminoglycosides
70
Isoniazid
71
Vancomycin
72
Competitve inhibition
73
Mode (or mechanism) of action
74
Decontamination
75
Halogens
76
Iodophors
77
Antibiotics
78
Narrow-Spectrum (limited spectrum)
79
Broad-Spectrum (Extended spectrum)
80
Polymyxins
81
Antifungal Drug-Synthetic
Fluconazole
82
Antifungal Drug-Synthetic
Ketoconazole
83
Superinfection
84
MIC
85
Antibiogram
86
87
Are a type of bacteria called *enterococci* that have developed resistance to many antibiotics, especially vancomycin.
**Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)**
88
The reduction in effectiveness of a drug such as an antimicrobial, anthelmintic or an antineoplastic in curing a disease or condition
Drug resistance (mechanism of resistance)
89
Is a manual in vitro diagnostic device used by laboratories to determine the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and whether or not a specific strain of bacterium or fungus is susceptible to the action of a specific antimicrobial.
E-Test (Epsilometer test)
90
The concentration that results in microbial death (In other words, the concentration at which it is bactericidal)
MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration)
91
The area around an antibiotic disc that contains no bacterial growth.
Zone of Inhibition
92
Is an antiviral medication used to treat influenza A and influenza B (flu), and to prevent flu after exposure
Oseltamivir, marketed under the trade name Tamiflu
93
Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are a class of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection or AIDS, and in some cases hepatitis B. RTIs inhibit activity of reverse transcriptase, a viral DNA polymerase that is required for replication of HIV and other retroviruses.
Nucleotide analog
94
a prodrug, which when metabolized resembles purine RNA nucleotides. In this form it interferes with RNA metabolism required for viral replication.
Used to treat severe respiratory infections and hepatitis C
Ribavirin
95
is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
This includes bone and joint infections, intra abdominal infections, certain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others.
Ciprofloxacin
96
an antifungal drug often used intravenously for serious systemic fungal infections and is the only effective treatment for some fungal infections.
Amphotericin B
97
Is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections.
Other uses include for middle ear infections and travelers' diarrhea.
Trimethoprim
98
Are bacteriostatic antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity against many gram-positive bacteria.
Macrolides
99
* is an antibacterial used as an antiseptic for mouthwashes
Chlorhexidine
100
laboratory and hospital disinfectants; act by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes
Phenolics
101
* effective but usually toxic; act by combining with proteins and inactivating them
Heavy metals
102
H2O2
chemical sterilizing agent
Peroxides
103
antibacterial and antifungal agent found in consumer products, including toothpaste, soaps, detergents, toys, and surgical cleaning treatments
Triclosan
104
is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a slight chemical odor. It is used as an antiseptic, a solvent, a fuel, and due to its low freezing point, the active fluid in many alcohol thermometers.
Ethanol
105
Rubbing alcohol, hand sanitizer, and disinfecting pads
Isopropanol alcohol
106
Halogen used in decontaminating water
Chlorine
107
Works as a mordant for Gram staining test
Iodine
108
ability to kill or inhibit microbial pathogen with minimal side effects in the host
Selective toxicity
109
Kirby-Bauer Method is a test which uses antibiotic impregnated discs to test whether particular bacteria are susceptible to specific antibiotics.
Disk diffusion assay
110
Any substance that can destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria and similar microorganisms.
Antibacterial
111
destroying fungi or inhibiting their growth
Antifungal
112
Destroying or inhibiting the growth and reproduction of viruses.
Antiviral
113
is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans.
Antimicrobial
114
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is the resistance of a bacteria to 2 or more similar antibiotics via a common mechanism.
Cross resistance
115
are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics, consisting of all antibiotic agents that contain a β-lactam ring in their molecular structures. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, and carbapenems.
Beta-Lactam
116
is the therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections
Phage Therapy
117
multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to multipleantimicrobial drugs.
Multiple drug resistance (MDR)
118
is the infusion of liquid substances directly into a vein
Intravenous drugs
119
A medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body, as opposed to systemically
Most often this means application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a large range of classes including creams, foams, gels, lotions, and ointments
Topical Drugs
120
the administration of a tablet, a capsule, an elixir, or a solution or other liquid form of medication by mouth
Oral Drugs
121
An abnormal reaction of the immune system to a medication (allergic reaction)
Drug Allergy
122
occurs when a person has accumulated too much of a drug in his bloodstream, leading to adverse effects within the body.
Drug Toxicity
123
(also referred to as therapeutic ratio) is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity
Therapeutic Index (TI)
124
