Microbial Metabolism Flashcards
(26 cards)
Metabolism
Is the sum of all the chemical reactions which occur in a living organism.
Anabolic reactions
Combine simpler substances into more complex molecules. REQUIRES ENERGY!
Catabolic reactions
Break down complex organism compound into simpler ones.
RELEASES ENERGY!
ATP
You cannot store ATP.
60% of energy is lost as heat.
Enzymes
Proteins that act as catalysts in chemical reactions.
Where are enzymes made?
They are made by the ribosomes in the ER.
Catalyst
A substance that speeds up a reaction without being changed.
REUSABLE
Brownian Motion or Molecular Motion
Molecules in a liquid or gaseous environments are in constant motion.
Collision Theory
The energy transferred by the particles in the collision can disrupt chemical bonds or form new chemical bonds.
Activation energy
Enzymes decrease the energy required to trigger a reaction.
Substrate
“Raw material” that will be transformed by the enzyme.
Naming of enzymes
All enzymes end in “ase”
Lactase, Cellulase
Apoenzyme
Protein portion of an enzyme.
Cofactor
Non protein portion of an enzyme.
Cofactors can be…
Metal ion or a organic molecule “coenzyme”
Metal ions
Calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium
Coenzymes
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from vitamin niacin
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) from riboflavin
Coenzyme A (CoA) from vitamin Pantothenic acid
NAD & FAD
Pick up H+ and e- and drops them off elsewhere to stabilize enzymes.
Holoenzyme
When the cofactor and the apoenzyme are combined.
Sodium citrate
Prevents blood enzymes from clotting blood in the laboratory by binding up the cofactor “calcium”
Needed for clotting.
Anticoagulant
REVERSEABLE
Enzymes sequence of events
1) substrate contacts “active site” propelled by Brownian motion.
2) temporary “enzyme-substrate-complex”
3) substrate is transformed.
4) substrate is released as a product.
5) enzyme is reusable. Can do it again
Increased temperature
Increased molecular motion, increased substrate/enzyme collisions, increased production of product.
Decreased temperature
Decreased molecular motion, decreased substrate/enzyme collisions, and decreased production of product.
Denaturation
Disruption of 3D shape of proteins.
Occurs at high temperatures and
High or low pH.
