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Microbiology > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

a sequence of chemical reactions in a cell

A

metabolic pathway

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2
Q

metabolic reactions are catalyzed by?

A

enzymes

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3
Q

_____ provide energy and building blocks for anabolism

A

catabolic pathways

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4
Q

_____ use energy and building blocks to build large molecules

A

anabolic pathways

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5
Q

what is the first step in any metabolic reaction, in any cell?

A

to bring the nutrients into the cell

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6
Q

what are the nutrients called after they are brought into the cell?

A

substrates

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7
Q

what do the catabolic reactions in a cell produce?

A

12 precursor metabolites, ATP, and reducing power

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8
Q

what are the 12 precursor metabolites used in?

A

anabolic reactions

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9
Q

how many stages of transport do gram negative cells have?

A

2

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10
Q

is the cell wall a barrier for the transportation of nutrients into the cell?

A

no

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11
Q

which part of the cell envelope has a low concentration of nutrients? high? lowest?

A

low is the outside of the cell
high is the inside of the cell
lowest is the periplasmic space

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12
Q

what do the nutrients pass through in the outer membrane?

A

they pass through a porin

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13
Q

what size nutrients pass through the porin in the outer membrane? and how do they move?

A

small sized nutrients

they move down their concentration gradient

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14
Q

what is mesh-like and allows the nutrients to diffuse through it easily?

A

cell wall

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15
Q

what does the cell membrane use to bring nutrients into the cell?

A

transporters

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16
Q

macromolecules can/cannot directly enter the cell

A

cannot

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17
Q

to digest macromolecules, bacteria cells secrete _____ which breaks down the macromolecules into its smaller subunits that can transported into the cell

A

exoenzymes

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18
Q

what type of molecules are exoenzymes breaking down?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

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19
Q

what functions inside the cell to breakdown nutrients that have entered into sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids?

A

endoenzymes

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20
Q

every metabolic pathway in the cell is _____ to other metabolic pathways

A

connected

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21
Q

if one metabolic pathway is disturbed, then what will happen to the other metabolic pathways?

A

they will be disturbed

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22
Q

every cell must maintain this balance between their ______.

A

metabolic pathways

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23
Q

which pathway generates energy?

A

catabolic pathway

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24
Q

proteins are broken down into amino acids which are then broken down more to enter the catabolic pathways where?

A

it can be broken down to pyruvic acid (enters at the end of glycolysis), acetyl CoA (which enters the krebs cycle), or it can enter the krebs cycle directly

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25
carbohydrates are broken down into sugars which are then broken down more to enter the catabolic pathways where?
it is broken down into glucose where it will enter glycolysis
26
lipids are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids which are then broken down more to enter the catabolic pathways where?
glycerol is broken down to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate where is will enter glycolysis. fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA which can enter the krebs cycle
27
what is the breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy?
carbohydrate catabolism
28
in bacteria 1 molecule of glucose will produce _____ ATP. eukaryotic cells may be a little less
38
29
the intermediates from glycolysis and the krebs cycle go into the _____ to produce more ATP
ETC
30
most energy producing reactions are _______ reactions
oxidation-reduction
31
the molecule losing the electron is being ______
oxidized
32
the molecule gaining the electron is being ______
reduced
33
carbon in glucose is oxidized to _____
carbon dioxide
34
in biological systems, the electrons are often associated with ______
hydrogen atoms
35
biological oxidations are often _____
dehydrogenations
36
_____ is a coenzyme that accepts hydrogens in oxidation-reduction reactions
NAD
37
NAD+ accepts ____ hydrogens and electrons. then it removes one of the hydrogen atoms to become _____
2; NADH
38
ATP is created by joining which two things?
inorganic phosphate and ADP
39
the generation of ATP is an endergonic reaction which means ____
that it requires energy input
40
what does a squiggly bond mean?
that the bond is high energy
41
what makes the phosphate bonds in ATP high energy?
the phosphates are negatively charged, so they repel each other which makes the bond high energy
42
in ______ phosphorylation, energy from the transfer of a high-energy phosphate to ADP generates ATP
substrate-level
43
in ______ phosphorylation, energy released from the transfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another (reduction) is used to generate ATP in the electron transport chain.
oxidative
44
where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
in the ETC which is in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
45
the ETC pumps ____ across the inner membrane. this creates a concentration gradient that is used to make ATP
hydrogen ions (protons)
46
what is the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway?
typical glycolysis where 2 net ATP and 2 NADH molecules are produced
47
the ____ of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP and NADH
oxidation
48
what process involves the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid to produce ATP and NADH?
glycolysis
49
in the preparatory stage of glycolysis, what is happening with ATP?
2 ATP are used
50
at the end of the preparatory stage of glycolysis, glucose is split to form _____
2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
51
in the preparatory stage of glycolysis, why are the phosphates added to glucose?
the phosphates are added to destabilize glucose. the electronegative atoms begin a tug-of-war for the electron which causes it to become unstable
52
in the energy-conserving stage of glycolysis, what are the 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules oxidized to?
they are oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid molecules
53
what is produced in the energy-conserving stage of glycolysis?
4 ATP and 2 NADH
54
what is the alternative to glycolysis?
Entner-Doudoroff pathway
55
the Entner-Doudoroff pathway occurs in cells that lack _____ pathway
EMP
56
what does the Entner-Doudoroff pathway produce?
1 NADH, 1 NADPH, and 1 net ATP
57
2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) is an intermediate in what pathway?
the Entner-Doudoroff pathway
58
2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) is unique to what?
bacteria
59
how many stages does the Entner-Doudoroff pathway have? and what are they?
2; preparatory and energy-conserving
60
in the intermediate step, why is CoA added?
to keep the molecule reactive so that it can go through the Krebs's cycle
61
what is produced in the intermediate step?
1 NADH, 1 carbon dioxide, and 1 acetyl CoA
62
in the krebs cycle, what 4 carbon compound must be generated at the end of each cycle for the cycle to continue?
oxaloacetic acid
63
in the krebs cycle, acetyl CoA joins oxaloacetic acid to create _____ which is a ____ carbon compound
citric acid; 6
64
from the start of glycolysis to the end of the krebs cycle, what is produced by one molecule of glucose?
6 carbon dioxide, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 ATP
65
the ETC is a series of ____ reactions
oxidation-reduction
66
where is the ETC in bacteria?
the plasma membrane
67
what are the complexes in the ETC made of?
protein and metal
68
the ATP synthase turns as protons move through it. this creates _____ energy which is transformed into _____ energy to create ATP.
mechanical; chemical
69
what happens to the ETC if there is no oxygen present at the end to accept the electron?
the complex is forced to hold on to the electron and the whole process is stopped
70
1 NADH causes ____ protons to be pumped out which creates ____ ATP
6; 3
71
1 FADH2 molecule produces ____ ATP molecules
2
72
in ______, electron acceptors other than oxygen are used
anaerobic respiration
73
in some bacteria anaerobic respiration yields ____ energy than aerobic respiration
less
74
anaerobic and aerobic respiratory systems are _____
similar
75
in anaerobic respiration, the _____ allows the electron to be given to nitrate to create water and nitrite, which can diffuse through the membrane. this is _____ efficient compared to aerobic respiration.
nitrate reductase; less
76
during aerobic respiration, high-oxygen conditions, the sequence of electron carriers is _____.
cyt b562 - cyt o - oxygen (O2)
77
under anaerobic conditions, the sequence of electron flow is _____.
cyt b562 - nitrate reductase - nitrate (NO3^-)
78
_____ protons are pumped across the membrane per NADH molecule in aerobic conditions than in anaerobic conditions with nitrate
more
79
the energy release in redox reactions (glycolysis and krebs cycle) is conserved in compounds such as _____ and _____. some energy is conserved in the form of ATP through ______ phosphorylations.
NADH and FADH2; substrate level phosphorylations
80
when electrons are transported through an ETC, _____ are pumped outside of the membrane forming the proton gradient. the cell uses the proton gradient to make ATP through the _______.
protons; ATP synthase

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