Microbial Nutrition

Question 1

Essential Nutrient

Answer 1

any substance that must be provided to an organism

Question 2

Macronutrients and examples

Answer 2

Required in relatively large quantities and play a principal role in cell structure and metabolism
C, H, O

Question 3

Micronutrients are known also as what? What are they and examples?

Answer 3

present in much smaller amounts and are involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure
Mg, Zn, Ni

Question 4

Inorganic Nutrient

Answer 4

An atom or simple molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than C and H found in the earth’s crust, bodies of water, and the atmosphere

Question 5

Organic Nutrients

Answer 5

Contain C and H atoms and are the products of living things, simple organic molecules such as methane
large polymers such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 6

Heterotroph

Answer 6

Organism that must obtain its carbon in organic form

Question 7

Autotroph

Answer 7

organism that uses inorganic C02 as its carbon source, has the capacity to convert CO2 into organic compounds, does not depend on other living things

Question 8

Phototroph

Answer 8

microbes that photosynthesize

Question 9

Chemotroph

Answer 9

Microbes that gain energy from chemical compouds

Question 10

Inactive Transport

Answer 10

Simple Diffusion is an example, moves with concentration gradient

Question 11

Active Transport

Answer 11

Requires energy and moves against concentration gradient

Question 12

Capnophiles

Answer 12

Microbes that like Carbon Dioxide

Question 13

What can environmental factors alter in Microbes?

Answer 13

the function of metabolic enzymes

Question 14

What are Environmental Factors?

Answer 14

Temp
Gasses- CO2 and O
pH 
Salt
Pressure
Radiation

Question 15

What does the top of the bell curves represent in the Temperature of Adaptation graph?

Answer 15

the optimal temperature the microbe needs to reproduce the best

Question 16

What temperatures do Mesophiles prefer and how could we get rid of them potentially?

Answer 16

Like our body temp 10-50 (38ish)

could get rid of them with a fever

Question 17

Aerobes

Answer 17

Utilize Oxygen

Question 18

Obligate Aerobe

Answer 18

Cannot survive without Oxygen

Question 19

Microaerophiles

Answer 19

only need a little Oxygen

Question 20

Faculative Anaerobes

Answer 20

don’d care if there is no Oxygen, use it when it is present

Question 21

Anaerobes

Answer 21

Prefer no oxygen

Question 22

Obligate Anaerobe

Answer 22

will die in the presence of Oxygen

Question 23

What are the two types of associations between organisms

Answer 23

Symbiotic and Non-Symbiotic

Question 24

What are the three types of Symbiotic Relationships microbes can have?

Answer 24

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

Question 25

What are the two types of non-symbiotic relationships microbes can have?

Answer 25

Synergism | Antagonism

Question 26

What is Symbiosis? | What are symbionts?

Answer 26

A general term to denote a situation in which two organisms live together in a close partnership Symbionts are members of a symbiosis

Question 27

What is mutualism?

Answer 27

organisms live in a mutually obligatory but beneficial relationship: need each other to survive

Question 28

Commensalism | Where does this occur?

Answer 28

The interaction is obligatory for the partner called the commensal (receives the benefits), while the partner is neither harmed nor benefitted This happens in our body, provides organisms place to live but they do not harm us or benefit us

Question 29

Parasitism

Answer 29

A relationship in which the host organism provides the parasitic microbe with nutrients and a habitat; parasite usually harms the host to some extent

Question 30

Antagonism Definition

Answer 30

An association between free-living species that arises when members of a community compete "At war"

Question 31

What is antibiosis and in which relationship does it occur in?

Answer 31

Occurs in antagonism a non-symbiotic relationship; it is the production of inhibitory compounds such as antibiotics into the surrounding environment that inhibit or destroy another microbe in the same habitat The first microbe has a competitive advantage by increasing the space and nutrients available to it This is common in the soil where mixed communities compete for space and food

Question 32

Synergism

Answer 32

an interrelationship between two organisms that benefit them but is NOT necessary for survival

Question 33

What does synergism accomplish? | What are some examples of this?

Answer 33

together the participants cooperate to produce a result that none of them could do alone; Gum disease, dental caries, and some bloodstream infections

Question 34

Biofilms

Answer 34

Mixed communities of bacteria and other microbes that are attached to a surface and each other Form a multilayer conglomerate of cells and intracellular material

Question 35

What are the basic steps to forming a biofilm?

Answer 35

A pioneer colonizer attaches to a surface Other microbes then attach to those bacteria or a polymeric sugar or protein substance secreted by the microbial colonizers attached cells are stimulated to release chemicals as the cell population grows

Question 36

Quorum Sensing | How does this work?

Answer 36

Microbial Communication: used by bacteria to interact with members of the same species as well as members of other species that are close by Use chemical signals to communicate

Question 37

What is the structure of the biofilm?

Answer 37

Large complex communities form with different physical and biological characteristics Cannot be eradicated by traditional methods

Question 38

What may we find at the bottom of a biofilm?

Answer 38

may have a very different pH and oxygen conditions than the surface

Question 39

What are the basic steps of binary fission

Answer 39

One cell becomes two parent cell enlarges duplicates its chromosome starts to pull its cell envelope together to the center of the cell cell wall eventually forms a complete central septum

Question 40

Turbidity

Answer 40

Cloudiness A clear nutrient solution becomes turbid or cloudy as microbes grow in it The greater the turbidity, the larger the population size

Question 41

Direct cell count

Answer 41

measured microscopically

Question 42

Coulter Counter

Answer 42

electronically scans a fluid as it passes through a tiny pipette

Question 43

flow cytometer

Answer 43

words similarly to a coulter counter but can help differentiate between live and dead cells