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Prokaryotic Profiles Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three ways that prokaryotes can be distinguished from eukaryotes?

A

packing of genetic material (lack of nucleus and histones)
makeup of their cell wall
internal structure (lack of membrane bound organelles)

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2
Q

What do ALL bacterial cells possess?

A 
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm 
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
One (or a few) Chromosome(s)
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3
Q

What do MOST bacterial cells possess on top of what ALL bacterial cells already possess?

A

A cell wall (most are made of peptidoglycan)

A surface coating called glycocalyx

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4
Q

What do SOME BUT NOT ALL bacterial cells possess?

A

Flagella, pili, fimbriae
Outer membrane
Plasmids
Endospores

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5
Q

What are Plasmids

A

circular pieces of DNA that are not chromosomes, not essential to life though benefit the organism in some way

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6
Q

What does a colony of bacteria consist of?

A

billions of bacteria

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7
Q

How do most prokaryotes exist?

A

as unicellular organisms

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8
Q

What is it called when bacteria/ prokaryotes act as a group?

A

biofilms/ colonies.

Find biofilms in the toilet, mucus on teeth

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9
Q

Size of Prokaryotes

A

can range from 0.05-0.2 um (“nanobes) to 750 um

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10
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Cells of one species may vary in shape and size due to variations in cell wall structure

the occurrence of more than one distinct form of natural object.

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11
Q

Coccus

A

Round bacteria

shape of staphlyocci

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12
Q

Cocobacillus

A

in between rod shaped and coccus shaped bacteria

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13
Q

Rod/ Bacillus

A

rod shaped, long depending on type

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14
Q

Vibrio

A

Curved Rod Shaped

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15
Q

Spirilium

A

Short Spirals

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16
Q

Spirochete

A

Long spirals

endoflagella: allow for movement

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17
Q

Branching Filaments

A

more complex structures of bacteria

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18
Q

What is it called when 2 bacterial cells are stuck together in a one plane division?

A

Diplo

for coccus cells: diplococcus

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19
Q

What is it called when there is a chain of bacterial cells together in a one plane division?

A

strep

for coccus cells: streptococcus

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20
Q

What is it called when there are bacterial cells (cocci) in packets of four?

A

tetrad

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21
Q

What is it called when there are bacterial cells in packets of 8-64

A

Sarcina

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22
Q

What are the prokaryotic propellers?

A

Flagella

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23
Q

What are the 3 distinct parts of Flagella?

And what is it comprised of

A

Basal Body: Keeps it in place
Hook: Provide the bacterium with locomotion
Filament

Comprised of many proteins

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24
Q

Where does Flagella get it’s energy from?

A

ATP synthase: the protons moving across membranes makes enough energy for flagella to move

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25
Flagellar Arrangements
Monotrichous Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous
26
Monotrichous
single flagellum
27
Lophotrichous
small tufts of flagella
28
Amphitrichous
flagella at both poles of the cell
29
Peritrichous
flagella dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
30
bacterial movement
In response to chemical signals (Chemotaxis: attracted or repelled by a chemical signal) Receptors bind extracellular molecules, which triggers flagellum to rotate
31
What are the types of prokaryotic appendages and what are they used for?
Fimbriae: attachment; shorter than flagella Pili: used for attachment and genetic eschange during conjugation
32
What is the Glycocalyx? Composed of what? What is it used for?
"Protein Sugar Shell: composed of polysaccharides, proteins or both Vary in thickness They are used to avoid phagocytosis and used for adhesion
33
What is a function of the Glycocalyx in regard to our body
help the bacterial cell to be "unrecognized" by the body, so that infection goes unnoticed
34
Capsules are;
Bound tightly to the cell | visible by negative staining
35
What do Capsules produce
a sticky (mucoid) character to colonies
36
What do Encapsulated bacterial cells generally have and what is an example?
greater pathogenicity | ex; streptococcus pneumoniae
37
Where does the cell envelope exist?
outside of the cytoplasm
38
What is the cell envelope composed of?
Two or three basic layers; depending on what type of microorganism
39
What are the three layers of the cell envelope that may exist?
Cell Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer or cytoplasmic membrane Cell Wall: In most bacteria (peptidoglycan) Outer Membrane: In some bacteria
40
What is the Peptidoglycan Cell Wall composed of?
Repeating framework of long glycan (sugar) chains cross-linked by short peptide (protein) fragments
41
What does the peptidoglycan cell wall provide? And how present is it in the bacteria community?
Present in most bacteria | Provides strength to resist rupturing due to osmotic pressure
42
Gram Positive Cells have cell envelopes consisting of:
One Membrane: cytoplasmic membrane Cell Wall: THICK peptidoglycan layer NO outer membrane
43
What is an example of a Gram-Positive infection?
Staph infections
44
Gram Negative ells have cell envelopes consisting of:
Inner Membrane: Cytoplasmic membrane Cell Wall: THIN layer of peptidoglycan Outer Membrane: Lipopolysaccharide
45
Where is Lipipolysaccharide located?
in the outermost layer of the outer membrane in GRAM NEGATIVE bacteria
46
What is an endotoxin, meaning it is not secreted or released but rather part of the structure, and produces fever and shock?
Lipid A portion
47
What will the structure of the lipipolysaccharide determine?
whether or not it is supposed to be in the body and whether it will be harmful or not to the body
48
What is one of the first things to do when you know what the infection is?
Gram Stain!
49
Who was the Gram Stain developed by?
Hans Christian Gram (1844)
50
What are the 4 steps of Gram Staining?
1. Crystal Violet: stains all of them the same purple color 2. Gram's Iodine: causes thicker cell walls to be seen 3. Alcohol: removes dye from the peptidoglycan layer, only in the gram-negative cells 4. Safranin COUNTER STAIN (red dye): the gram negative cells are seen with this final process
51
What are acid-fast bacteria considered? | What do they resemble?
neither gram positive or negative, resemble gram positive the most Mycobacterium and Nocardia
52
What do they contain in their cell wall?
Mycolic Acid: wax or fat in the peptidoglycan layer
53
What must you use to staid the acid-fast microbes and what must be applied for best results?
Use the acid fast stain, must apply heat/steam to make the color stick to the microorganism
54
What are two examples of Acid Fast bacterial pathogens?
Tuberculosis | Leprosy - Armadillos
55
How do Cell-Wall Deficient Bacteria occur?
By inducing microorganisms to loose their cell wall: mutations Cell membranes are stabilized by sterols: Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
56
Protoplast
Started out as gram positive cell but lost its cell wall
57
Spheroplast
started out as gram negative cell but lost its cell wall
58
What is the Cytoplasmic Membrane?
A lipid bilayer with proteins embedded Phospholipids(30%-40% of membrane mass) Proteins (60%-70%)
59
What do cytoplasmic membranes contain?
Enzymes of respiration and ATP synthesis, since prokaryotes lack mitochondira
60
What is a major action of the cytoplasmic cell membrane?
to regulate the passage of nutrients into and out of the cell
61
Where is the DNA contained in the Cytoplasm?
Nucleoid; where chromosomes are found
62
What is cytosol in the cytoplasm composed of?
70-80% water | Soluble proteins, salts, carbohydrates
63
What is the Cytoplasm the site of?
nearly all chemical reactions, ATP synthesis in prokaryotes happens in CYTOSOL along the CYTOPLASMIC membrane.
64
What is the structure of most DNA in bacteria?
single circular bacterial chromosome
65
What are virulence factors? what contains them?
Plasmids can contain these | the allow the bacteria to invade; toxic
66
What is the total size of a prokaryotic ribosome? and the two subunits? Eukaryotic ribosome?
70s Subunits 30s and 50s Eukaryotic: 80s
67
What is the prokaryotic ribosome composed of, % ages?
60% rRNA and 40% protein
68
What does the prokaryotic ribosomes do?
Translates mRNA into Proteins: protein synthesis
69
Endospore
Spore has been created inside bacterial cell, not released yet
70
Spore
has been created inside bacterial cell and has been released
71
What do bacterial endospores resist?
Heat Chemical Radiation Pressure
72
What does it mean for the endospore to be metabolically inactive?
dormant: waiting for the right conditions
73
Metabolically active vegetative cells | example of this
``` undergo sporulation (formation of spores) when environmental conditions are NOT FAVORABLE Ex: Clostridium sp, unable to tolerate O2, when exposed they sporulate, if the spores reach dead tissue they can grow and release toxins ```
74
Fore-Spore
Smaller structure
75
Sporangium
Larger Structure
76
The sporangium engulfs what to then begin to actively synthesize spore layers
engulfs forespore to synthesize spore layers around forespore
77
Archaea are... and many are found where? How do they differ from Bacteria and Eukarya?
Prokaryotic micoorganisms found in extream environments different in cell structure, metabolism, and genetics
78
Eukaryotic Microorganisms
Fungi Protazoa Helminths
79
How many species of fungi are there
approx. 100,000
80
Macroscopic fungi
mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi
81
Microscopic Fungi
molds, yeast
82
Forms of fungi
Unicellular (yeast) Colonial Complex/ Multicellular (shrooms)
83
Where does the name for Protozoa come from?
Greek for "first animals"
84
How many species of Potozoa are there?
65,000 of single celled organisms
85
Major Pathogenic Protozoa
``` Ciliated Protozoa (Ciliophora) Flagellated Protozoa (Mastigophora) Amicomplexan (Sporozoa) ```
86
What are Helminths?
Worms; Flat worms Round Worms

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