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Microbio Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Chloracniophyte

A

Green algae endosymbiont
Nucleomorph present
4 membranes

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2
Q

Euglenids

A

Green algae endosymbiont
Lost plasma membrane
3 membranes
Excavata supergroup

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3
Q

Cryptomonads

A

Red algae endosymbiont
Nucleomorph present
4 membranes
Rhizarians
Mixotrophic algae - multiple trophic modes

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4
Q

Haptophytes

A

Red algae endosymbiont
Nucleomorph absent
4 membranes
Haptista

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5
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Red algae endosymbiont
Nucleomorph absent
3 membranes
Lost plasma membrane
Alveolates

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6
Q

Stramenopiles endosymbiosis

A

Red algae endosymbiont
Nucleomorph absent
4 membranes

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7
Q

What were the three groups of archaeplastids?

A

Green algae

Red Algae

Glaucophytes

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8
Q

Glaucophytes

A

Archaeplastida

They retained peptidoglycan from Cyanobacteria.

Low abundance

Mostly freshwater

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9
Q

What was the endosymbiont that was consumed by a eukaryotic host to create archaeplastida?

A

Cyanobacteria

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10
Q

Endogenesis Hypothesis

A

Archaea evolve an endomembrane system and cytoskeleton.

Consume a-protobacteria

Mito-late

Membrane composition problem

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11
Q

Hydrogen hypothesis

A

Archaea somehow gained mitochondria

Endomembrane evolved from mitochondria

Mito-early

Membrane composition problem

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12
Q

Syntrophy hypothesis

A

Delta proteum bacteria engulfed archaea

Endomembrane system evolved from inner membrane

Consumed alpha-protobacteria

Mito-late

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13
Q

Inside-out model

A

Archaea engulfed alpha- protobacteria with weird arms

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14
Q

Rhodophytes (Red algae)

A

Archaeplastida

Unicellular or multicellular

Mostly marine

Tiny nuclear genomes

Economically important

Ecosystem-forming

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15
Q

Green algae

A

Archaeplastida

Multiple independent origins of multicellularity

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16
Q

Eumycetozoans

A

Amoebozoa

Slime moulds

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17
Q

Fungi

A

Opisthokonta

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18
Q

Metazoa

A

Opisthokonta

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19
Q

Microsporidians

A

Opisthokonta

Obligate intracellular parasites

No aerobic metabolism - steal ATP directly from host
Have mitosome

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20
Q

Choanoflagellates

A

Opisthokonta

Mostly marine

Bacterivore filter feeders

Unicellular or colonial

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21
Q

Diplomonads

A

Excavata

Mostly parasites

Amitochondriate - mitosome

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22
Q

Parabasalians

A

Excavata

Amitochondriate (hydrogenosomes)

Mutualists in termite guts

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23
Q

Oxymonads

A

Excavata

Amitochondriate - lost

Mutualists in insect guts

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24
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

Excavata

Many free-living

An important lineage of insect parasites

Three genera are very relevant for human health - Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Phytomonas

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25
Diplonemids
Excavata
26
SAR
Three related supergroups Stramenopiles, Aveolates, Rhizarians
27
Heterokont flagellation
If the flagella are of different length then it is known as heterokont. Heterokont flagella shows both tinsel and whiplash appearance
28
Stramenopiles supergroup
Motile stage with heterokont flagellation. Includes: Oomycetes, Brown algae (phaerophytes), Diatoms
29
Oomycetes
Fungus-like Stramenopiles. Often pathogenic for plants
30
Phaeophytes (Brown Algae)
Stramenopiles All multicellular and often large.
31
Diatoms
Stramenopiles Mostly unicellular Main photosynthetic primary ocean producers Planktonic and benthonic Surrounded by a two part siliceous wall - frustule
32
Alveolates Super group
Cilliates, Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans
33
Ciliates
Alveolates Cilia Nuclear dimorphism - two different kinds of nuclei Conjugation - Transfer of genetic material between cells through contact. Low biomass, high diversity and importance Extremely active and voracious
34
Dinoflagellates
Alveolates Cause of red tides Essential symbionts for reef-forming corals Unique nuclear organization - dinokaryon Some have eyes!
35
Apicomplexans
Alveolates Red algae endosymbiont Nucleomorph absent 4 membranes Specialized for parasitism Agent of some infectious diseases - malaria
36
Rhizarians supergroup
Radiolarians, foramiferans, cryptomonads Filose and axopodial amoebae
37
Radiolarians
Rhizarians Mostly marine planktonic Complex skeletons
38
Foramiferans
Rhizarians Marine and benthonic Skeletons commonly found in the fossil record
39
Haptista
Haptophytes Major blooms in cold areas. Coccolithophorids are covered in scales.
40
Hemimastigophorids and Provora
Orpangs Don’t fit in any morphological group Molecular data has confirmed they are a sphere ate lineage.
41
Excavata includes:
Diplomonads Parabasalians Oxymonads Kinetoplastids Euglenids Diplonemids
42
Opisthokonta includes:
Fungi Metazoa Microsporidians Choanoflagellates
43
How do proteins get from nucleus to plastids?
Signal peptide recognized by SRP and is translated through the endomembrane. Signal peptide is then cleaved and transit peptide is recognized by Selma then TOC and TIC before being cleaved once it enters the matrix.
44
Signal peptide
short sequence of amino acids at the beginning of a newly synthesized protein that directs the protein to specific locations within or outside the cell
45
Hydrogenosome
Membrane bound organelle similar to mitochondria whose primary function is production of ATP. Parabasalians
46
Polycistronic
Multiple proteins are coded on one strand of mRNA
47
Shine-Dalgarno sequences
short, conserved nucleotide sequences located in the 5' untranslated region of bacterial mRNA that initiate translation at multiple sites within a polycistronic mRNA.
48
Matrix
material or environment in which cells, tissues, or organelles are embedded.
49
Why are kelp not considered plants?
They lack true tissues and organs like roots, stems and leaves. Plants are defined by being a monophyletic group with a common ancestor and a unique method of reproduction, specifically retaining the fertilized egg within the mother plant in a protective structure called an archegonium. In contrast, kelp (brown algae) belongs to a different lineage (Stramenopila) and reproduces by releasing eggs and sperm into the water, similar to many algae. While both plants and kelp have evolved large, complex multicellular forms independently and have different photosynthetic origins, they are fundamentally distinct groups within the tree of life, defined by their reproductive strategies and evolutionary paths.
50
Mitosome
Mitochondria related organelle found in some unicellular eukaryotic organisms (Diplomonads, Microsporidians, archameoba). Associated with the biosynthesis of Fe-S clusters.
51
Amoebazoans
Atmitochondrate - mitosome Included: archaemoeba, eumycetozoans
52
Archaea and bacteria similarities
No endomembrane system No cytoskeleton Operons and polycistronic DNA Shine-dargano sequences No 5’ cap or poly A tail or spliceosomal introns
53
Similarities between archaea and eukaryotes
Single cell membrane No peptidoglycan Histones TATA box
54
Things unique to archaea
Membrane composition - Glycerol-1 phosphate head with isoprenoid tails.
55
Protozoa
All heterotrophic protists
56
Which endosymbionts have a nucleomorph present?
Chloracnophytes and cryptomonads
57
Which endosymbionts have 4 membranes?
Chloracnophytes, cryptomonads, haptophytes, stramenopiles, apicomplexans
58
Which endosymbionts have 3 membranes?
Euglenids, dinoflagellates,
59
Which organisms have mitosomes?
Microsporidians, diplomonads, archaemoeba
60
Which organisms lost their mitochondria?
Oxymonads

Biology (15 decks)

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