MicroBio Chapter 10

Question 1

A treatment the kills all living cells including viruses and spores from a substance or object

Answer 1

Sterilization

Question 2

A treatment that reduces the total number of microbes but does not necessarily kill all of them

Answer 2

Disinfection

Question 3

Reduction of microbial population to levels considered safe by public health standards

Answer 3

Sanitation

Question 4

A mild disinfectant agent suitable for use on skin surfaces

Answer 4

Antiseptic

Question 5

Physical methods of destroying microorganisms

Answer 5

H eat
T emperature
D esiccation
O smotic pressure
F filtration
R adiation

Question 6

Kills microbes by denaturing enzyymes

Answer 6

Heat

Question 7

Lowest temperature to all bacteria in 10 minutes. Used in purifying water

Answer 7

Thermal Death Point (TDP)

Question 8

Based on length of time. 90% of bacterial population killed at a given temperature

Answer 8

Decimal Reduction Time (DRT)

Question 9

Process of preserving heat-sensitive foods. 65 degree Celsius for 30 minutes.

Answer 9

Pasteurization

Question 10

True or false

In low temperatures, bacteria does not die. They just don’t reproduce.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Burning contaminants

Answer 11

Direct flaming

Question 12

Burns and physically destroys organisms

Answer 12

Incineration

Question 13

Oxidation at 160 deg C for 2 hours or 170 deg C for 1 hour

Answer 13

Hot air sterilization

Question 14

The passage of liquid or gas through a filter with pores small enough to retain microbes

Answer 14

Filtration

Question 15

Filter is made from

Answer 15

Nitrocellulose, acetate

Question 16

Removing water from microbes

Answer 16

Dessication

Question 17

Freeze drying is also known as

Answer 17

Lyophilization

Question 18

Application of high amount of sugar and salt to induce plasmolysis

Answer 18

High osmotic pressure

Question 19

Use of ionizing and non-ionizing waves to kill bacteria

Answer 19

Radiation

Question 20

Such as gamma rays and high energy electron beam that can disrupt DNA

Answer 20

Ionizing radiation

Question 21

An example is UV light, can only penetrate outer surfaces

Answer 21

Non-ionizing radiation

Question 22

Another name for carbolic acid/lysol. It injures the plasma membrane and denatures proteins. Used by Joseph Lister

Answer 22

Phenols and Phenolics

Question 23

Can b used alone or in solution buy inactivated with sunlight. It inactivate enzymes and cell components

Answer 23

Halogens

Question 24

Denatures proteins and dissolve lipids but is not effective against endospores

Answer 24

Alcohol

Question 25

Includes soap and detergents for skin degerming

Answer 25

Surface Active Agents

Question 26

Examples re sorbic acid for inhibiting fungus, Nitrate salts to preserve meats and calcium propionate to prevent germination of clostridium

Answer 26

Chemical food preservatives

Question 27

Examples are silver and mercury for germicidal, copper sulfate for algicide and zinc oxide as antifungal

Answer 27

Heavy Metals

Question 28

They are antimicrobial compounds which inactivate proteins. Formaldehyde is an example

Answer 28

Aldehydes

Question 29

Chemicals produced by microorganisms that inhibit growth or kills other microorganisms

Answer 29

Antibiotics

Question 30

Chemical substances from biological source or produced by chemical synthesis that kills micoorganisms

Answer 30

Antimicrobial agents

Question 31

Antibiotic from mainly fungal sources

Answer 31

Natural

Question 32

antibiotic that is chemically-altered natural compounds

Answer 32

Semi-synthetic

Question 33

Antibiotic that is chemically designed in the lab

Answer 33

Synthetic

Question 34

An ideal antibacterial agent is

Answer 34

Has selective target Bactericidal HIgh therapeutic index ratio of toxic level to therapeutic level)

Question 35

Inhibitors of cell wall syntheis

Answer 35

Beta-lactams (dirupts NAM-NAG cross linking) Glycopeptide (effective against gram-positive bacteria

Question 36

How bacteria resist antibiotics

Answer 36

1.Restrict access of the antibiotic 2.Get rid of the antibiotic or antifungal 3. Change or destroy the antibiotic 4.Change the targets of the antibiotic or antifungal 5. Bypass the effects of the antibiotic

Question 37

Inhibitors of NA synthesis

Answer 37

Quinolones (targets topoisomerases)

Question 38

Inhibits membrane function

Answer 38

Polymyxin (membrane phospholipid), Antimetabolites

Question 39

Inhibitors of Protein syntheis

Answer 39

Aminoglycosides (bactericidal) Tetracycline (active against mycoplasmas) Macrolides (active against h.pylori) Chloramphenicol (active against rickettsiae

Question 40

They interfere with ribosomes

Answer 40

Inhibitors of protein synthesis