MICROBIO-LEC -1ST LONG QUIZ (MIDTERMS) Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
- English physicist
- Contributed to the discovery of cells while looking at a thin slice of cork
- This he is the first to observe cells in plant material and name them
A
Robert Hooke
2
Q
- French Biologist
- Discovery of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization (aseptic technique)
- Produced the first vaccine for rabies by growing the virus in rabbits and then weakening it by drying the affected nerve tissue.
- Disapproved the doctrine of spontaneous generation
- Believes that “life comes from pre-existing life”
- Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but the air does not create microbes
A
Louis Pasteur
3
Q
- Swiss physician and bacteriologist
- Discovered a bacillus which is responsible for the bubonic plague
- It was later named in his honor (Yersinia pestis)
A
Alexandre Emile Jean Yersin
4
Q
What bacteria causes bubonic plague?
A
Yersinia pestis
5
Q
- German physician and microbiologist
- Founder of modern microbiology
- Creation of Koch’s postulate
- Identified specific causative agents of tuberculosis,cholera and anthrax
- First person to make use of solid media
A
Robert Koch
6
Q
What kind of solid media they used to grow the colony of bacteria way back then?
A
Slice of potato
7
Q
This type of media adds nutrients to the bacteria
A
Liquid Media
8
Q
- Theory of humorism
- 4 humors (black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm)
- Temperaments of people (bile, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic)
- Excess or imbalance of the different humors causes disease
A
Hippocrates & Galen
9
Q
Complete the following:
1. Black Bile:
2. Yellow Bile:
3. Blood:
4. Phlegm:
A
- Melanchony (extreme sadness)
- Anger
- Cheer & courage
- Apathy
10
Q
What is the full name of Paracelsus?
A
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim
11
Q
- Introduction of Chemistry in Medicine
- Three humors
- Salt - representing stability
- Sulphur - representing combustibility
- Mercury - representing liquidity
A
Paracelus
12
Q
Complete the following definition:
1. Salt
2. Sulfur
3. Mercury
A
- Stability
- Combustibility
- Liquidity
13
Q
- Essay on contagion (by contact, by fomites, at a distance)
- The name for syphilis
A
Girolamo Fracastoro
14
Q
- Father of Microbiology
- Best known for his pioneering work in microscopy which lead the to the establishment of microbiology
- First to experiment with microbes (animalcules = “tiny animals”) and now referred as unicellular organisms
A
Antoine Philips Van Leeuwenhoek
15
Q
- Discovered Bacillus anthracis, the causative bacterium of anthrax, in blood of diseased and dying sheep.
- Study of septicemia (blood poisoning)
A
Casimir Davaine
16
Q
- First to observe that heating prevented the growth of bacteria in meat infusion
A
Lazzaro Spallanzani
17
Q
- Showed that living particles can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton wool
- Introduced the use of cotton plugs in test tubes
A
Heinrich G. F. Schröder & Theodor von Dusch
18
Q
Hypothesized that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells
A
Rudolf Virchow
19
Q
A Scottish bacteriologist who discovered penicillin in 1928
A
Alexander Fleming
20
Q
A Russian microbiologist who observed that viruses are filterable material; one of the founders of virology
A
Dmitri Ivanovski
21
Q
English physician who developed vaccine against smallpox
A
Edward Jenner
22
Q
Proposed a classification system for streptococci based on antigens in their cell walls
A
Rebecca Lancefield
23
Q
Discovered that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another
A
Joshua Lederberg & Edward Tatum
24
Q
An American biochemist and virologist who was first to characterize a virus (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)
A
Wendell Stanley
25
- A biological study that deals with the study of organisms that could not be seen by the unaided eye
- Includes the classification and general characteristics of bacteria, viruses and fungi and fundamental microbiology techniques
- Prerequisites: Botany, Zoology and Biochemistry
General Microbiology
26
What are the 7 disciplines in microbiology?
1. Veterinary Mcrobiology
2. Medical Microbiology
3. Aquatc Microbiology
5. Food Microbiology
5. Aeromicrobiology
6. Environmental Microbiology
7. Molecular Microbiology
27
What are the 4 sub-division of microbiology and their definitions?
1. Bacteriology - study of bacteria
2. Virology - study of viruses
3. Mycology - study of fungi (yeast and molds)
4. Phycology - study of algae
28
The study of the role of microbes in veterinary medicine or animal taxonomy
Veterinary Microbiology
29
The study of the role of microbes in human illness. Includes the study of microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology and is related to the study of disease pathology and immunology
Medical Microbiology
30
Concerned with water purification, microbiological examination and biological degradation of wastes
Aquatic Microbiology
31
The study of airborne microorganisms
Aeromicrobiology
32
The study of the function and diversity of microbes in their natural environments
Environmental Microbiology
33
The study of the molecular biology and genomics of microorganisms
Molecular Microbiology
34
2 types of organisms
1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic
35
What are the 5 Kingdom Classification?
1. Kingdom Monera (bacteria)
2. Kingdom Protista (ameoba & algae)
3. Kingdom Plantae (moss & ferns)
4. Kingdom Animalia (insects, fish)
5. Kingdom Fungi (yeast, moulds, mushrooms)
36
What are the differences between Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes
- very tiny simple cells
- no true nucleus
- no organelles
Eukaryotes
- larger more complex cells
- have nucleus
- have numerous organelles
37
What are the differences and similarities of Autotrophs and Heterotrophs? Give at least one example.
Autotrophs
- have cell wall
- make their own food through the process of photosynthesis
- e.g. plants
Heterotrophs
- have cell wall
- can't make their own food
- must eat other organisms
- fungi
38
What are the 2 types of organisms that do not have cell wall?
1. Protista
2. Animalia
39
- Disease attributed to wrath of Divine Spirits for punishment of individual sins
- Supernatural inflictions of disease
Theurgical Theory of Disease
40
- Due to emanations from the earth
- Influence of:
* Stars
* Moon
* Wind
* Waters
* Seasons
- Relationship of disease with waters, changes in temperature, moisture, and direction of wind
- Imbalance of (fire, air, water, earth) and four qualities (heat, cold, moisture, dryness)
- Corresponds to four humors
Miasmatic Theory of Disease
41
- Observation on epidemics
* Plague
* Syphilis
* Typhus in man
- contact, by fomites, at a distance
Contagion Theory (Fracastoro)
42
- Pasteur and Koch (lead to understanding of the presence of microorganisms and relationship to disease
- Disease is caused by infections of pathogenic microorganism
Germ Theory (18th century)
43
- Framework for the study of etiology or cause of infectious disease
- Pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
- The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture
- The cultured pathogen must cause the disease when it is inoculated into the host of susceptible experimental host
Koch's Postulate
44
It is a gradual accumulation of additional layers or matter and it is also how the rocks grow.
Accretion
45
What are the characteristics of livig organisms over non-living organisms
1. Ability to reproduce and transmit characteristics to offspring
2. Capacity to grow:
* Increase in size and volume
* Can be seen or not seen
* Internal or external growth
* Requires metabolism
- Metabolism- building process
- Catabolism- degrading process
* Non- living: growth is by accretion (gradual accumulation of additional layers or matter)
3. Adaptation to environment change
4. Response to stimulant (temperature, light, pressure, chemicals)
* Tropism- response towards to a stimulus
* Phototropism- response to light
5. Definite body organization
* E.g. cell- tissue- organs- systems
6. Definite chemical composition
7. Capable of moving
8. Life span and development
* Definite period of existence:
- Beginning
- Growth
- Maturity
- Decline
- Death
9. Life cycle - Series of changes in the life of an organism including reproduction
10. Constant energy requirement - For survival, development, and reproduction
46
Response towards to a stimulus
Tropism
47
Respone to light
Phototropism
48
use of bacteria on various industry
Biotechnology
49
use of either naturally occuring/ introduced microorganism or other forms of life to consume and breakdown environmental pollutants, in order to clean up polluted site
E.g. use of bacteria on toxic waste
Bioremediation
50
diverse collection of microorganism in the ocean or large bodies of water
Planktons
51
heterotrophic plankton (microscopic organism to large species) e.g. jellyfish
Zooplanktons
52
microscopic plants that live in the ocean
Phytoplanktons
53
Give the 3 types of microorganisms and their examples:
1. Beneficial (87%)- e.g. antibiotics in food, chemical substances
2. Opportunistic (10%)- e.g. organisms that take advantage of the weekend immune system
3. Harmful (3%)- pathogens/ pathogenic organism
54
What are the 3 Domain System?
1. Bacteria- has peptidoglycan cell wall
2. Archaea- lacks peptidoglycan cell wall
3. Eukarya
* Protists (slime molds, protozoa, algae)
* Fungi (unicellular yeast, multicellular molds)
* Plants (moss, ferns, flowering plants)
* Animals (worms, invertebrates, insects)
55
System of scientifically naming organisms
By Carl Linnaeus
Binomial (two-term naming system) Classification
56
It is the term that describes genus
Descriptors
57
It is the term that describes genus
Descriptors
58
It is the term that describes the species
Epithets
59
What is the proper naming of an organism?
From Larger to Smaller and it must be underlined if not italicized
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
amily
Genus
Species
60
Bacteria comes from what Kingdom?
Kingdom Monera
61
What is the length and diameter of bacteria?
2um-8um length and 0.2-2.0 diameter
62
Enumerate the structures present in bacterial cell
1. Capsule
2. Glycocalyx
3. Cell Wall
4. Plasma Membrane
5. Flagella
6. Axial Filaments
7. Fimbriae & Pili
8. Cytoplasm (Plasmid and Nucleoid)
9. Ribosomes
10. Inclusions
63
-Substances surrounding the cell
-Covers the outside of prokaryotic cells that provides a protective coat
-Viscous/ sticky, gelatinous polymer external to the cell wall
Glycocalyx
64
Give the glycocalyx composition of bacteria
1. Polysaccharide
2. Polypeptide
65
Give the 2 coverings of glycocalyx
Capsule and slime layer
66
organized substance/ firmly attached to the cell wall
Capsule
67
substance is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall
Slime Layer
68
- Important in contributing to bacterial virulence
= Often protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host
Capsule
69
Give the 3 examples of bacteria that have capsule in their structure
Bacillus anthracis capsule of D-glutamic acid (for immune surveillance)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella
70
Important components of biofilms
Glycocalyx
71
- a glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other
- Protects cells within it and facilitates communication
- Enables the cell to survive by attaching to various surfaces in natural environment
Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS)
72
Attaches to the surface of the teeth causes dental problems
Streptococcus mutants
73
causes cholera which attaches to the cells of small intestine
symptoms: vomiting and diarrhea
Vibrio Cholerae
74
- Prevent bacterial cells from rupturing
- Helps maintain shape of the cell
- Anchorage for flagella
- Contributes to the ability of some species
Cell Wall
75
What is the most common example of antibiotic that targets the cell wall of bacteria?
Penicillin
76
What will happen to the bacteria if it contacts with the specific antibiotic that targets their cell wall?
It will rupture and leads to its own death.
77
It is used in differentiation of major types of bacteria (Lancefield Classification system)
It is composed of peptidoglycan (murein) which differentiate bacteria from archaea and eukarya
Cell wall
78
Cell wall is composed of __________________ which differentiate bacteria from archaea and eukarya
peptidoglycan (murein)
79
Differentiate the cell wall of gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria
Gram positive Bacteria
- Thick and rigid
- Has many layers of peptidoglycan
- Has teichoic acids on cell wall
Gram negative Bacteria
- thin layer of peptidoglycan
- No teichoic acid
- More susceptible to mechanical breakage
- Membrane of G- cell wall contains:
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Lipoproteins
- Phospholipids
80
The membrane of Gram Negative Bacterial cell wall contains:
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Lipoproteins
- Phospholipids
81
What are the stains use for:
- G+
- G-
1. G+ Cyrstal Violet and it will turn into purple or violet
2. G- Safranin and it will turn into red or pink
82
- This structure lying inside the cell wall and encloses the cytoplasm of the cell
- Composed of phospholipid
- Look like two- layered structures (lipid- bilayer)
- Function:
* serve as a selective barrier through which materials enter and exit the cell (selective permeability)
* Breakdown of nutrients and the production of energy
Plasma Membrane
83
- Filamentous appendages that propel the bacteria (for movement)
- Capability to move in various patterns
Flagella
84
bacteria that lacks flagella
Atrichous
85
It is a type of flagella that distributed over the entire cell
Peritrichous
86
A type of flagella at one or both poles or ends of the cell
Polar
87
- a single flagellum at one pole
Monotrichous
88
- a tuft of flagella coming from one pole
Lophotrichous
89
- flagella at both poles of the cell
Amphitrichous
90
flagellar protein; useful for distinguishing among serovars or variations
e.g. E. coli has a lot of variation, it can identify the serovar O157:H7 based on the H antigen of E. Coli which is associated with food borne epidemics
H-antigen
91
- are group of bacteria that have unique structure and motility (spiral motion)
- They move by means of axial filaments or endoflagella
Spirochetes
92
Present in spirochetes
Axial Filaments
93
- causative agent of syphilis
Treptonema pallidum
94
- causative agent of Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
95
Hair- like appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella
Fimbriae and Pili
96
the bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell
Fimbriae
97
usually longer than fimbrae and number only one or two per cell; involved in motility and DNA transfer
Pili/Pilus
98
What are the differences between fimbriae and Pili?
- fimbriae has no involvement in movement, but adherence to tissues, cells, and surfaces
- Pili has involvement in motility and DNA transfer; response for twitching Pseudomonas aeruginosa; used to bring bacteria together, thus allowing transfer of DNA to another (conjugation)
99
Substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
100
What are the structures present in bacterial cytoplasm?
Nucleoid and Plasmid
101
- Contains bacterial chromosome
- Has cell’s genetic information
- Not surrounded by a nuclear envelope and has no histones (prokaryotes)
Nucleoid
102
- Small usually circular, double stranded DNA molecules
- Extrachromosomal genetic elements (not connected to main bacterial chromosome)
- Replicate independently
- Can be removed without harming the cell
- Used in research and can be engineered (e.g. addition of antibiotic resistant gene for selective purposes to plasmid)
- Transformation- E. Coli DH5 αs exposed to 42 degrees celsius; open its pores and plasmid gets in, after exposing to heat, it is added to ice to close the pores and for recovery. If it grows in a culture with antibiotic, it grows, thus, shows its resistant
Plasmid
103
Where protein synthesis takes place
Ribosomes
104
Prokaryotic ribosomes are called ___________
Has 2 subunits: _____ & _______
- 70S ribosomes
- 30S and 50S
105
- Eukaryotic ribosomes are called
- Subunits are: _______ & ________
- 80S
- 40S and 60S
106
Sometimes target of other antibiotics (ribosomal antibiotics)
Ribosomes
107
Several kinds of reserve deposits in the cytoplasm
Inclusion
108
- Specialized “resting” cells formed by some gram-positive bacteria (genera Clostridium (tetanus, butulism, food poisoning) and Bacillus (anthrax and food poisoning) ) when essential nutrients are depleted
- Highly durable dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers
Endospores
109
Term used to describe endospore formation is called ________________
Sporulation/ Sporogenesis
110
normal state of cell
Vegetative cell
111
What causes sporulation?
Decrease/ scarcity of nutrient sources such as nitrogen and carbon causes sporulation
112
Can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to many toxic chemicals and radiation (more resistant)
Endospore bacteria
113
- a large amount of an organic acid contained in endospore; protects the endospore DNA against damage
Dipicolinic acid
114
process in which an endospore returns to its vegetative state; when needed nutrients are provided to endospore, it goes back to its Vegetative Cell state
Germination
115
What are the procedures that can kill endospore bacteria?
Boil on 100 degrees celsius for a long period of time to kill or use 20% sodium hypochlorite
116
TRUE or FALSE
Endospores cannot survive in boiling water for several hours or more (thermophilic/ heat- loving)
False
117
- round bacteria in pairs after dividing
Diplococci
118
- cocci in chains
Streptococci
119
- cocci in cluster resembling bunch of grapes
Staphylococci
120
- in groups of 8 in cuboidal pockets (octads)
Sarcinae
121
- divide in 2 planes and remain in groups of 4
Tetrads
122
- organisms that maintain a single shape
Monomorphic
123
-have many shapes e.g. Rhizobium, Corynebacterium
Pleomorphic
124
- Paired Bacilli
Diplobacilli
125
- Rods in chain
Streptobacilli
126
- Short rods
Coccobacilli
127
Example of Bacilli with round ends
Salmonella typhosa
128
Example of bacilli with square ends
Bacillus anthracis
129
- Usually do not separate and form "long threads"
Filamentous bacilli
130
Example of club-shape bacteria
C. diphtheria
131
Less than one complete twist; curved rods. e.g Vibrio cholerae
Vibroid/Comma shape
132
Loosely curved cells: have helical shape like a corkscrew and fairly rigid bodies with flagella.
Spirilla
133
Tightly coiled form; flexible with axial filaments
Spirochetes
134
star-shaped bacteria
Genus stella
135
Flat rectangular shape
Halophilic archaea
