Microbiological Organisms

Question 1

7 Unrelated Microorganismal Groups

Answer 1

Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoans, Helminths, Viruses, Prions

Question 2

Which microorganismal group does not cause disease?

Answer 2

archaea

Question 3

symbioses

Answer 3

microorganism and human interactions

Question 4

commensualistic definition

Answer 4

harmless to humans

Question 5

commensualistic function

Answer 5

species present on, in or around body at all time

Question 6

mutualistic definition

Answer 6

beneficial to humans

Question 7

mutualistic function (7)

Answer 7

base of food chain, decompose waste, recycle chemicals, digestion, bioremediation, food production, biotechnology,

Question 8

parasitic or pathogenic definition

Answer 8

infectious disease agent

Question 9

parasitic or pathogenic function

Answer 9

invades susceptible host, causes disease or other problems, carries out all or part of life cycle in host

Question 10

parasitic examples (3)

Answer 10

viruses, fungi, protozoans

Question 11

pathogen

Answer 11

disease causing bacteria

Question 12

3 types of symbioses

Answer 12

commensualistic, mutualistic, parasitic or pathogenic

Question 13

3 types of microorganismal flora on body

Answer 13

normal, transient, opportunistic

Question 14

normal flora

Answer 14

present on or in body all the time; most harmless, some beneficial
100 trillion on skin, in oral cavity and intestines (1-2 lbs)

Question 15

normal flora example

Answer 15

E. coli in digestive trat, Staphylococcus aureus on skin, in oral tract

Question 16

transient flora

Answer 16

temporarily present on body, remove with cleaning

Question 17

opportunistic flora

Answer 17

disease causing; any microorganism may become opportunistic

evades surface defenses- enters tissue below epithelium

Question 18

3 ways bacteria damage host to cause disease

Answer 18

1. damage tissue directly
2. produce toxins
3. hypersensitivity reactions

Question 19

bacteria directly damaging tissue

Answer 19

exoenzymes produced by bacteria and released into tissue

Question 20

bacteria produce toxins

Answer 20

distributed by blood, damage cells

Question 21

hypersensitivity reactions caused by bacteria

Answer 21

-initiate an inappropriate specific immune response to normally harmless allergen
-a small antigen or haptan becomes allergenic after binding to body protein
-haptan binds to mast cell- subsequent exposure to allergen initiates immune response
ex- allergic reactions, bee stings

Question 22

4 forms of disease

Answer 22

1. always present and always will be
2. caused serious problems in the past but are under control now
3. emerging infectious diseases
4. bioweapons

Question 23

examples of diseases that were always present and always will be

Answer 23

Strep throat, Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 24

examples of diseases that caused serious problems in the past but are under control now

Answer 24

measles, polio

Question 25

examples of bioweapons

Answer 25

anthrax, small pox

Question 26

7 factors contributing to spread of disease

Answer 26

1. antibiotic resistance in bacteria 2. fecal contaminated water 3. undercooked food 4. lack of or improper hand washing 5. increase in reservoir species for disease 6. vectors for disease agents 7. global warming * pet kisses

Question 27

global warming's effect on spread of disease

Answer 27

may increase survival and distribution on reservoirs and vectors ex- mosquitos for Dengue fever, malaria

Question 28

3 causes of new emerging disease

Answer 28

1. genetic mutations 2. spread of disease agents into new locations or host populations 3. failure in public health measures previously used to control disease

Question 29

genetic mutations

Answer 29

- make microorganisms more disease causing | - can lead to antibiotics resistant strains and/ or increased virulence

Question 30

increased spread of disease agents

Answer 30

- improvements in transportation - migratory wildlife - humans entering regions undergoing ecological change (deforestation, natural disasters, wars, expanding human populations) and come into contact with new or unusual pathogen species ex. Coccidioidomycosis (fungus in soil) and Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever

Question 31

examples of failure in public health measures

Answer 31

- decrease in vaccination rates | - under reporting of actual disease rates

Question 32

examples of emerging disease

Answer 32

- west Nile encephalitis (virus) - bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, Mad Cow Disease - Creutzfeldt /Jacob disease- human prion disease similar to BSE - Ebola hemorrhagic fever - severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) - bird flu (H5N1, H7N1) - swine flu (H1N1) - MERS