Microbiology

Question 1

Father of Immunology

Answer 1

Edward Jenner
•Small Pox Vaccine (1st Vaccine)
•Cow Pox Vaccine

Question 2

Karl Landsteiner

Answer 2

• ABO Blood Grouping
• Discovered Hapten

Question 3

Haptens

Answer 3

Haptens are small molecules that, by themselves, are not immunogenic (cannot trigger an immune response), but become so when coupled to a larger carrier molecule, like a protein.

Question 4

Mitogens

Answer 4

•B cell mitogen: Lipopolysaccharides

•T cell mitogen: Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and Concanavalin A (ConA)

•B and T cell mitogen: Pokeweed mitogen (PWM)

Question 5

Plasma Cells

Answer 5

• These are differentiated B cells (on antigenic Stimulation) , capable of producing antibodies.
• Have Clock face or Cartwheel Nucleus

Question 6

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

Answer 6

1. Macrophages
2. Dendritic Cells
3. B Cells

• MHC II is found in these cells. They presents exogenous antigens to TH Cells. which has CD4+ markers.

Question 7

MHC I presents endogenous antigens to Tc Cells.

Answer 7

Which have CD8+ markers.

Question 8

Birbeck Granules

Answer 8

• Dendritic Cells Contain Birbeck Granules in cytoplasm.
• Dendritic cells of skin and mucous membrane are known as Langerhans Cells.
• Dendritic cells of lymph are known as Veiled Cells.

Question 9

Microphages of metchnikoff

Answer 9

Neutrophils
• Also known as PMNL (Polymorphonuclear leukocytes).
• Also called “Microphages of metchnikoff”.
• Neutrophils are the primary phagocytic cells of the innate immune system.
• Have Multilobed Nucleus.

Question 10

Canine Atopic Dermatitis

Answer 10

An imbalance in the ratio between T helper 1 (TH1) cells and T helper 2 (TH2) cells is a recognized contributing factor to atopic dermatitis. Specifically, an overactive TH2 response leads to increased IgE production and allergic reactions.

Question 11

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)

Answer 11

Method used to know an antibody’s affinity for an antigen

Question 12

Hinge Region In Abs

Answer 12

• Hinge region absent in IgM and IgE.
• The hinge region of immunoglobulins, particularly in IgG, IgA, and IgD is highly flexible due to its unique amino acid composition, which is rich in proline and cysteine.

Question 13

Ab that is Difficult to detect in serum.

Answer 13

IgD is more susceptible to destruction by protease in serum, which makes it difficult to detect in serum.

Question 14

Complement fixing antibodies are

Answer 14

IgM and IgG (IgM is the most efficient complement fixing antibody.

Question 15

IgA

Answer 15

• aka secretory Ab
• aka copro Ab

Question 16

Decreasing Order of Antigenicity

Answer 16

1. Protein
2. Carbohydrate
3. Nucleic Acid
4. Lipid

Question 17

Cytoplasmic membrane contains ergosterols rather than cholesterol like bacterial membrane.

Answer 17

• Polyene acts by binding to the ergosterol.

• Imidazole and Triazole inhibit the biosynthetic pathway of ergosterol.

• Griseofulvin acts by disrupting tubulin synthesis and preventing mitosis.

Question 18

Chicken Pox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which is a herpesvirus, not a poxvirus.

Answer 18

It primarily affects humans and is not considered an animal pox.

Question 19

Slow Virus

Answer 19

The Visna maedi virus, part of the Retroviridae family, is a classic slow virus that causes progressive diseases in sheep, marked by a long incubation period and chronic progression, leading to neurological disease (visna) or chronic pneumonia (maedi). As a lentivirus, it typically results in persistent infections and a prolonged clinical course, distinguishing it from faster-acting viruses like herpes, pox, and flaviviruses.

Question 20

Antigenic drift in FMD virus occurs due to:

Answer 20

Antigenic drift in Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) virus occurs through direct mutations in its RNA, leading to small changes in surface proteins. These alterations help the virus evade the host’s immune system, contributing to its ability to cause recurrent outbreaks.