Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Musculoskeletal > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

BJI

A

bone &joint infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PJI

A

prosthetic joint infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

MSSA

A

meticillin sensitive staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MRSA

A

meticillin resistant staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

common PJI bacteria

A

S. Aureus, coagulase negative staph, strep. spp, propionibacterium acnes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

common septic arthritis infections

A

staph aureus, streptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

common post-traumatic infections

A

staph aureus, polymicrobial coliforms, pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

common vertebral osteomyelitis infections

A

staph aureus, coliforms, strep spp, mycobacterium tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

common diabetic foot infections

A

staph aureus, strep spp, coliforms, pseudomonas, anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

less common bacteria species but must be remembered

A

psuedomonas aeruginosa

kingella in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

risk factors for infections

A

sickle cell anaemia
immunocompromised patient
diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

clinical presentation of acute BJI in adults

A

Temperature/systemic signs
Pain/swelling/redness over area
Reduced mobility/movement of joint/held in flexed position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

clinical presentation of acute BJI in children

A

listless, not feeding/playing, cranky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the category for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

A

two or more of:

  • Temperature >38C or 90 beats/min
  • Respiratory rate >20 breaths/min or PaCO2 12,000 cells/mm3 or
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how can organisms be introduced into the joint space in septic arthritis?

A 
Haematogenous spread
Contiguous spread (eg infected bone)
Direct inoculation (injection or trauma)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what tests should be done to diagnose acute septic arthritis?

A

Blood culture if pyrexial (positive in 30-60% cases)
CRP, FBC, U&E, lactate, ESR etc
Joint fluid aspirate/washout for microscopy* & culture
crystals (gout, pseudogout) white cells & gram stain
Ultrasound scan, plain X-ray MRI, CT, bone scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how would you treat septic arthritis in someone over 5 years old?

A

high dose flucloxacillin for 2-4 weeks
look for source of organisms
adjust with culture results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how would you treat septic arthritis in someone under 5 years old?

A

high does flucloxacillin + ceftriaxone for 2-4 weeks
look for source of organisms
adjust with culture results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why is ceftriaxone added into the treatment of septic arthritis for children under the age of 5?

A

to cover H. influenzae & Kingella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is osteomyelitis?

A

Inflammation of bone & medullary cavity, usually long bones or vertabrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what organisms is it likely to be in acute osteomyelitis?

A

MSSA

streptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what organisms could it be in chronic osteomyelitis?

A 
mycobacterium tuberculosis 
pseudomonas aeruginosa 
salmonella 
brucella 
coliforms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how can osteomyelitis be spread?

A

Haematogenous
Contiguous
Peripheral vascular disease associated
Prosthesis associated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the most likely way of spreading in acute osteomyelitis?

A

haematogenous especially in femur/tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the risk of osteomyelitis in shoulder/ankle/hip/elbow?
metaphysis is intracapsular so may extend into joint space
26
why are infants more at risk of septic arthritis as well as acute osteomyelitis?
due to vessels crossing metaphysis to epiphysis
27
how does chronic osteomyelitis come about?
Delay in treating acute infection leads to higher risk of abscess, permanent damage, septicaemia etc
28
why should you always try to delay antibiotic treatment in osteomyelitis?
until specimens have been obtained for culture
29
how is osteomyelitis diagnosed?
Blood culture if pyrexial | Bone biopsy/washout if possible for microscopy & culture
30
how is osteomyelitis treated?
high dose flucloxacillin (4-8 weeks) | modify treatment after results of culture
31
what are the risk factors for PJI?
RA Diabetes Malnutrition Obesity
32
what are the three types of implant infection?
early postoperative delayed (low grade) late
33
when does early postoperative PJI come on?
0-3 months after operation
34
what route of spread is used in early postoperative PJI?
perioperatice
35
what signs are present in early postoperative PJI?
fever effusion warmth drainage
36
what bacteria are likely to be causing early postoperative PJI?
staph aureus streptococci enterococci
37
when does delayed PJI come on?
3-24 months after operation
38
what is the route of spread in delayed PJI?
perioperative
39
what signs are present in delayed PJI?
persistent pain device loosening fistula
40
what bacteria is likely to be causing delayed PJI?
coagulase negative staph | P. acnes
41
when does late PJI come on?
more than 24 months after operation
42
what is the route of spread in late PJI?
haematogenous
43
what signs are present in late PJI?
acute or subacute
44
what bacteria is likely to be causing late PJI?
staph. aureus | E. coli
45
are coagulase negative staph commensal?
yes, part of normal skin flora
46
describe the virulence of coagulase negative staph
low virulence
47
do coagulase negative staph create a biofilm
yes
48
how is PJI diagnosed?
multiple cultures - tissue & bone blood culture CRP, WCC etc. radiological investigations
49
why is PJI often difficult to diagnose?
as it's often caused by organisms that are common contaminants
50
what is the treatment of PJI?
Ideally removal of prosthesis & cement. At least 6 weeks with no joint & on antibiotics. Then re-implantation of the joint.
51
what is the clinical picture of necrotising fasciitis?
Highly painful with some signs of inflammation (pain disproportionate to superficial appearances) Spread through tissues very rapidly Systemic toxicity
52
which bacteria is type 1 necrotising fasciitis caused by?
anaerobes plus multiple other bacteria "synergistic gangrene"
53
which bacteria is type 2 necrotising fasciitis caused by?
"flesh eating bacteria" | group A strep
54
how is necrotising fasciitis diagnosed?
swabs & tissue biopsy for microbiology & culture blood cultures CRP, FBC, clotting factor, U&Es
55
how is necrotising fascittis treated?
surgical debridement | antibiotics
56
which antibiotics would you give for necrotising fasciitis caused by strep pyogenes?
penicillin & clinamycin
57
which antibiotics would you give for synergistic necrotising fasciitis?
piperacillin-tazobactam clindamycin gentamycin
58
which bacteria causes Gas gangrene?
clostridium perfringens (part of normal bowel flora)
59
describe the microbiology of clostridium perfringens
gram positive strictly anaerobic rods
60
how is gas gangrene spread
spores into tissues with germinate and crete an accumulation of gas bubbles in tissues
61
what sign would expect to find on palpation in gas gangrene?
crepitus
62
what is the treatment of gas gangrene?
urgent debridement in theatre antibitocs +/- hyperbaric oxygen
63
what antibiotics are given for gas gangrene?
penicillin & metronidazole (either or both)
64
which bacteria causes tetanus?
clostridium tetani
65
describe the microbioogy of clostridium tetani
gram positve strictly anaerobic rods
66
where are the spores of clostridium tetani found?
in soil, gardens, animal bites etc.
67
which toxin is present in tetanus and what does it cause?
neurotoxin causes spastic analysis
68
how does neurotoxin cause spastic paralysis?
binds to inhibitory neurones, preventing the release of neurotransmitters
69
what is the incubation period of tetanus?
4 days - several weeks
70
what symptom is often found in tetatnus?
lock jaw due to muscle spasm
71
how is tetanus treated?
``` surgical debridement antitoxin supportive measures antibiotics booster vaccination ```
72
what antibiotics can be used in the treatment of tetanus?
penicillin or metronidazole
73
what type of vaccination is the tetanus vaccine?
toxoid vaccine
74
which antibiotics can you give for staphs & streps?
flucloxacillin (staph. aureus) vancomycin (if pen. allergic) clindamycin (antitoxin)
75
which antibiotics can you give for coliforms?
``` gentamycin sometimes ceohalosporins (ceftriaxone) sometimes ciprofloxaxin (oral) ```
76
what physical/chemical environmental factors can increase the risk of infection of implanted devices?
low pH reduced O2 free nucleic acid & other cell products
77
why would you take at least 3 bone samples for culture in PJI?
Superficial swabs are a waste of time as they reflect the skin flora rather than deep infection Bone samples can get contaminated with skin flora in theatre (or in the laboratory) CoNS are normal part of skin flora
78
is CRP always elevated in infections?
no | especially not in chronic infections
79
what can CRP levels be influenced by?
underlying diseases | surgery
80
when can you be sure of clinical cure of PJI?
until at least 2 years after treatment of PJI
81
what prophylactic antibitotics are give before prosthetic joint or implant surgery?
co-amoxiclav 1.2g peri-op & posto-p doses | pen allergy - co-trimoxazole

Musculoskeletal (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions