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Phase 2a Annie Evans > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

How long do the results of antibody detection take?

A

Test may be rapid, but takes minimum of 2 weeks from exposure to develop antibody response

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2
Q

What can you tell from macroscopic bacteriology?

A

The appearance, colour and smell

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3
Q

Name some gram positive cocci

A

Staphylococci , streptococci, enterococci

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4
Q

Name some gram negative cocci

A

Neisseria, moraxella

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5
Q

Name some gram positive bacilli

A

Actinomyces, bacillus, clostridia, diphtheria, listeria monocytogenes

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6
Q

Name some gram negative bacilli

A

E. Coli, campylobacter, pseudomonas, salmonella, shigella, proteus

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7
Q

What are gram positive coccus chains?

A

Streptococcus

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8
Q

What are gram positive coccus clusters?

A

Staphylococcus

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9
Q

Purple coccus chains. Beta haemolysis. What is this?

A

Beta haemolytic strep, can be split into antigenic groups

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10
Q

Purple coccus chains. Alpha haemolytic. Sensitive to optochin test, what is it?

A

Strep pneumonia

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11
Q

Purple coccus chains. Alpha haemolytic. Resistant to optochin test. What is it?

A

Viridans streptococci

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12
Q

Clusters of purple coccus?

A

Staphylococcus

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13
Q

Clusters of purple cocci. Coagulase positive.

A

Staph. Aureus

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14
Q

Clusters of purple coccus. Coagulase negative, what is it?

A

Coagulase negative staphylococcus

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15
Q

Pink bacilli. Red on macconkey plate, what is it?

A

(Lactose fermenting) enterobacteriaceae, e.g. E.coli, klebsiella. Do a sensitivity test and biochemical identification.

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16
Q

Pink bacilli. Colourless/white on Macconkey agar, what is it?

A

Non-lactose fermenting. Shigella, salmonella, pseudomonas, proteus.

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17
Q

Pink bacilli. Colourless on macconkey agar. Positive oxidase test, what is it?

A

Pseudomonas sp

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18
Q

Pink bacilli. Colourless on Macconkey plate. Negative oxidase test, what is it?

A

Enterobacteriaceae. Proteus, shigella

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19
Q

What colour is beta-haemolytic strep?

A

It is clear

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20
Q

What colour is alpha haemolytic strep?

A

Green

21
Q

What are the sterile sites in the body?

A

Blood, CSF, pleural fluid, peritoneal cavity, joints, urinary tract, lower respiratory tract

22
Q

What sites of the body would you expect to culture normal flora?

A

Mouth, skin, vagina, urethra, large intestine

23
Q

What do the White/colourless colonies (macconkey) and pink colonies (XLD) have in common?

A

Non-lactose fermenting

24
Q

Where is normally colonised by a range of bacteria including staphylococcus epidermidis, corynebacterium spp, proprionibacterium acne and enteric bacilli?

A

The skin

25
Q

Where is usually harmlessly colonised by a alpha-haemolytic strep, micrococci, corynebacterium, non-pathogenic neisseria?

A

Oropharynx

26
Q

Where is clostridium and bacteroides and enterococci, common?

A

In the large intestine

27
Q

Why do skin flora like to live on the skin?

A

They like the dry, acidic conditions

28
Q

Where is harmlessly colonised by streptococcus, bacteroides and lactobacillus acidophilus? And why?

A

The vagina, they like an acid medium and produce lactic acid to keep the vaginal secretions acidic

29
Q

What is a beta-haemolytic strep of lance field group A?

A

Strep pyogenes

30
Q

What are the two main approaches to viral diagnosis?

A

PCR and other nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). Serology

31
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of PCR?

A

:) It is sensitive and quick. :( Because it is sensitive it is vulnerable to laboratory contamination. It only detects nucleic material complimentary to the primer sequences used so it can confirm or deny but not diagnose

32
Q

What is the antibody text for hepatitis A?

A

IgM and IgG

33
Q

What are the antibody tests for hepatitis B?

A

Core antibody IgM and IgG. Surface antibody, e antibody

34
Q

What are the tests for hepatitis C?

A

Total (IgM/IgG) antibody and hepatitis C RNA

35
Q

What are the antibody tests for hepatitis E?

A

IgM and IgG

36
Q

What are the common organisms that cause urinary tract infection?

A

E.coli, proteus mirabilis, klebsiella, coagulase negative staph, enterococci

37
Q

Why is a midstream urine test used?

A

So that any organisms colonising the external urethra are flushed out first and that the collection truly reflects the urinary within the bladder

38
Q

What organisms have a particular capacity to form abscesses?

A

Staph aureus and anaerobes

39
Q

Where are streptococci?

A

They are adapted to colonise the skin and are able to spread through the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues as a result of the release of spreading factors

40
Q

How long does a result of a culture take?

A

Days

41
Q

Where is staph aureus? How does it spread?

A

It is adapted to colonise the anterior nares. It will infect skin and soft tissues because it produces a number of factors including coagulase, which coagulates plasme

42
Q

Where and how do anaerobes infect?

A

They can be involved in deep soft tissue infections and probably get to the site by haematologist spread from the guy or by direct spread from the skin

43
Q

What are patients with skin infections generally treated with?

A

Antibiotics active against strep and staph, beta-lactams, penicillin and flucloxacillin

44
Q

How do you generally treat wound infections?

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotic such as cephalosporin and metronidazole to cover anaerobes

45
Q

What is chocolate agar used for?

A

Aerobic pathogens

46
Q

What is blood agar used for?

A

Anaerobic pathogens

47
Q

What two species cause TB

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis

48
Q

What’s the commonest cause of pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Phase 2a Annie Evans (6 decks)

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