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Phase 2a Annie Evans > Signs And Symptoms > Flashcards

Signs And Symptoms Flashcards

1
Q

Long history of dysphasia, maybe with regurgitation. Maybe retrosternal chest pain.

A

Achalasia

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2
Q

Progressive dysphasia and weight loss. Bolus food impactation may cause chest pain.

A

Malignant oesophageal tumour

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3
Q

Burning epigastric pain, relieved by antacids. Occurs when the patient is hungry and at night. Nausea, heartburn and flatulence may occur.

A

Duodenal ulcer

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4
Q

Burning epigastric pain. Relieved by antacids. Pain often occurs during eating. Nausea, heartburn and flatulence may occur

A

Stomach ulcer

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5
Q

Indigestion, vomiting and haemorrhage.

A

Gastropathy/gastritis

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6
Q

Epigastric burning pain. Nausea, anorexia and weight loss are common. Vomiting and dysphasia. Palpable epigastric mass.

A

Gastric tumour

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7
Q

Tiredness and malaise. Diarrhoea, steatorrhoea, abdominal pain or discomfort, anorexia causing weight loss. Anaemia and nutritional deficiency.

A

Coeliac disease

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8
Q

Diarrhoea , steatorrhoea , and megaloblastic anaemia. Occurs in residents of the tropics.

A

Tropical sprue

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9
Q

Severe abdominal pain with little to find on abdominal examination

A

Intestinal ischaemia

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10
Q

Abdominal pain, diarrhoea , anorexia and anaemia

A

Tumour of the small intestine

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11
Q

Flushing, wheezing, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, right sided cardiac valvular fibrosis causing stenosis and regurgitation.

A

Carcinoid tumours

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12
Q

Abdominal pain, usually with weight loss.

A

Small bowel disease

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13
Q

Acute abdomen with right iliac fossa pain mimicking appendicitis

A

Terminal ileal disease

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14
Q

Diarrhoea, bleeding and pain related to defecation

A

Colin disease

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15
Q

Anal tags, fissures, fistulae and abscess formation

A

Perianal disease

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16
Q

Abdominal pain and rectal bleeding, and occasionally shock

A

Ischaemic colitis

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17
Q

Rectal bleeding and stenosis, alteration in bowel habit and colicky abdominal pain

A

Colorectal cancer

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18
Q

Globus, regurgitation, and midline chest pain

A

Functional oesophageal disorder

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19
Q

Epigastric pain or discomfort, early satiety, bloating and nausea

A

Functional dyspepsia

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20
Q

Crampy abdominal pain relieved by defecation or the passage of wind, a sensation of incomplete evacuation, abdominal bloating and distension

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

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21
Q

Central abdominal pain which then becomes localised to the right iliac fossa, accompanied by anorexia and sometimes vomiting and diarrhoea. The patient is pyrexial, with tenderness and guarding in the RIF due to localised peritonitis

A

Appendicitis

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22
Q

There is a sudden onset of abdominal pain which rapidly becomes generalised. The patient is shocked and lies still as movement exacerbates the pain

A

Generalised acute peritonitis

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23
Q

Colicky abdominal pain, associated with vomiting and absolute constipation. Abdominal distension and ‘tinkling’ bowel sounds

A

Mechanical bowel obstruction

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24
Q

Pale stools and dark urine

A

Cholestatic jaundice

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25
Q

Patient is jaundiced, with an enlarged and tender liver, raised serum aminotransferase levels

A

Acute hepatitis

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26
Q

Nausea, anorexia and distaste for cigarettes. After 1 or 2 weeks the patient has dark urine and pale stools.

A

Hepatitis A

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27
Q

Anorexia, malaise, nausea and fatigue.

A

Autoimmune hepatitis

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28
Q

GI bleeding from oesophageal or gastric varices, Ascites, hepatic encephalopathy

A

Portal hypertension

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29
Q

Fullness in the flanks, with shifting dullness. May be uncomfortable and produces respiratory distress. A pleural effusion and peripheral oedema may be present.

A

Ascites

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30
Q

The patient becomes increasingly drowsy and eventually comatose. May be irritable, confused, with slow, slurred speech and a reversal of sleep often. The signs are dehorn hepaticus, asterixis, constructional apraxia

A

Portosystemic encephalopathy

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31
Q

Pruritis, with or without jaundice. Hepatosplenomegaly and xanthelasma.

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis

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32
Q

Fulimant hepatic failure and cirrhosis, Parkinson’s and eventual dementia, Kayser-Fleischer rings and renal tubules

A

Wilson’s disease/hepatolenticular degeneration

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33
Q

Rapid onset of jaundice. Nausea, anorexia, right upper quadrant pain, encephalopathy, fever, Ascites and tender hepatomegaly

A

Alcoholic hepatitis

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34
Q

Pruritis, jaundice or cholangitis

A

Primary sclerosing cholangitis.

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35
Q

Fever, lethargy, weight loss and abdominal pain. May be hepatomegaly

A

Liver abscess

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36
Q

Weight loss, anorexia, fever, Ascites and abdominal pain occur.

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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37
Q

Recurrent episodes of sever constant pain in the upper abdomen, which subsides over several hours. The pain may radiate to the right shoulder and right subscapular region and is often associated with vomiting.

A

Bile duct stones/biliary pain

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38
Q

Originally biliary colic. However, over a number of hours there is progression to severe pain localised in the right upper quadrant, which is associated with a fever and tenderness and muscle guarding on examination. The tenderness is worse on inspiration

A

Acute Cholecystitis

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39
Q

Epigastric or upper abdominal pain radiating through to the back, associated with nausea and vomiting. Epigastric tenderness, guarding and rigidity.

A

Acute pancreatitis

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40
Q

Heartburn. May be also regurgitation and odynophagia. Cough and nocturnal asthma can occur.

A

GORD. Cough and nocturnal asthma can occur from aspiration of gastric contents into the lungs

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41
Q

Epigastric abdominal pain, either intermittent or constant, and radiating through to the back is the commonest symptom. Diabetes and steatorrhoea may develop due to endocrine and exocrine insufficiency

A

Chronic pancreatitis

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42
Q

Painless jaundice and weight loss. A distended palpable gall bladder. There may be a central abdominal mass.

A

Cancer affecting the head of the pancreas or ampulla of Vater

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43
Q

Abdominal pain, weight loss and anorexia

A

Cancer of the body of tail of the pancreas

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44
Q

Neonatal jaundice, chronic haemolytic anaemia and acute haemolysis

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

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45
Q

A fluctuating course, with easy bruising, epistaxis and menorrhagia. Often in immunosupressed patients

A

Immune thrombocytopaenic purpura

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46
Q

Florid purpura, fever, fluctuating cerebral dysfunction and haemolytic anaemia, renal failure

A

Thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura

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47
Q

Varies from no bleeding to complete haemostatic failure, with bleeding from venepuncture sites and the nose and mouth

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

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48
Q

Anaemia, bleeding and infection e.g. sore throat and pneumonia. Sometimes there is peripheral lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly

A

Acute leukaemia

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49
Q

Insidious onset, with fever, weight loss, sweating and symptoms of anaemia. Massive splenomegaly.

A

Chronic myeloid leukaemia

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50
Q

Usually asymptomatic but can be: anaemia, infections and bleeding. May be lymphadenopathy and in advanced disease hepatomegaly

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

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51
Q

Painless lymph node enlargement. May be hepatomegaly. Fever, drenching night sweats and weight loss.

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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52
Q

Rare before 40. Painless peripheral lymph node enlargement. Anaemia, recurrent infections and bleeding.

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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53
Q

Bone pain, osteolytic lesions, spinal cord compression, hypercalcaemia, anaemia, infections and bleeding,hyperuricaemia, paraproteins, blurred vision, gangrene

A

Multiple myeloma

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54
Q

Asymmetrical joint pain, made worse by movement and relieved by rest. Mainly the distal interphalangeal joints and first carpometacarpal joint of the hands and the weight bearing joints. Deformity and bony enlargement of the joints, limited joint movements and muscle wasting of surrounding muscle groups

A

Osteoarthritis

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55
Q

Synovitis, early morning stiffness in the small joints of hand and feet. Weakening of joint capsules, joint instability, subluxation and deformity. Swan-neck deformity, ulnar deviation, boutonnière deformity

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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56
Q

Young man with increasing pain and prolonged morning stiffness in the lower back and buttocks. Pain improves with exercise but not at rest. Tenderness around the pelvis and chest wall

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

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57
Q

Asymmetrical involvement of small joints, symmetrical seronegative polyarthritis, sacroiliitis

A

Psoriatic arthritis

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58
Q

Young man present s with acute arthritis shortly after an enteric or sexually acquired infection. Joints of lower limbs affects in an asymmetrical pattern. Skin lesions. Ulcers around the penile meatus

A

Reactive arthritis

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59
Q

Middle aged man. Sudden onset of severe pain, sweeping and redness of the metetarsophalangeal joint of the big toe

A

Gout

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60
Q

Hot, painful, swollen, red joint which developed acutely. There may be fever.

A

Septic arthritis

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61
Q

Fever, local pain and erythema and sinus formation

A

Osteomyelitis

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62
Q

Butterfly rash, myalgia, tiredness, fever, depression, weight loss, photosensitivity, anaemia, leucopaenia, thrombocytopenia, pericarditis, myocarditis, thrombosis, Raynauds, glomerulonephritis, migraine, cerebellar ataxia, aseptic meningitis

A

SLE

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63
Q

Stroke, TIA, MI, DVT, recurrent miscarriages, valvular heart disease, migraine, epilepsy, renal impairment

A

Antiphospholipid syndrome

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64
Q

Systemic progressive muscle weakness and wasting affecting the proximal muscles of the shoulder and pelvic girdle. Difficulty squating, going upstairs, rising from a chair. Pain and tenderness are uncommon. Heliotrope discolouration of the eyelids and scaly erythematous plaques over the knuckles

A

Polymyositis and dermatomyositis

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65
Q

Dry eyes and dry mouth. Arthritis, Raynauds, NDI, pulmonary fibrosis and vasculitis

A

Sjögren’s syndrome

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66
Q

Abrupt onset of stiffness and intense pain of the muscles of the neck and shoulder and hips and lumbar spine. Constitutional symptoms. Headache and claudication on eating

A

Polymyalgia

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67
Q

Fever, malaise, weight loss, abdominal pain, renal impairment and hypertension

A

Polyarthritis nodosa

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68
Q

Nausea, vomiting, fever and confusion

A

Hypernatraemia

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69
Q

Usually asymptomatic, although muscle weakness may occur is if is severe. Results in cardiac arrhythmias.

A

Hypokalaemia

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70
Q

Usually produces few symptoms or signs, until it is high enough to cause cardiac arrest. Other symptoms include weakness and paralysis

A

Hyperkalaemia

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71
Q

Increased renal excretion of potassium, inhibits secretion of PTH and leads to parathyroid hormone resistance. Many of the symptoms are due to Hypokalaemia and hypocalcaemia.

A

Hypomagnesaemia

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72
Q

Hyperventilation, hypotension and cerebral dysfunction

A

Metabolic acidosis

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73
Q

Oedema of the ankles, genitals and abdominal wall. The face and arms may also be involved in severe cases

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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74
Q

Haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension and oedema, oliguria and uraemia

A

Acute glomerulonephritis / nephritic syndrome

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75
Q

Frequency of micturition, dysuria, supra public pain and tenderness, haematuria and smelly urine

A

Lower UTI

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76
Q

Loin pain and tenderness, nausea, vomiting and fever

A

Acute pyelonephritis

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77
Q

Renal colic, a severe intermittent pain lasting for hours. The pain is felt anywhere between the loin and the groin and may radiate into the scrotum or labium or into the tip of the penis. Nausea, vomiting and sweating are common. Haematuria often occurs.

A

Ureteric stones

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78
Q

Urinary frequency and haematuria

A

Bladder stones

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79
Q

Anuria and painful bladder distension

A

Urethral stones

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80
Q

Dull ache in the flank or loin, which may be provoked by an increase in urine volume. Anuria or polyuria

A

Upper urinary tract obstruction

81
Q

Hesitancy, poor stream, terminal dribbling and a sense of incomplete emptying

A

Bladder outlet obstruction

82
Q

Alteration of urine volume, biochemical abnormalities and symptoms of uraemia

A

Acute Renal failure

83
Q

Anaemia, bone disease, neurological complications, CVD, platelet abnormality, GI tract, renal osteodystrophy

A

Chronic kidney disease

84
Q

Acute loin pain, abdominal discomfort, hypertension, renal impairment

A

Policytic kidney disease

85
Q

Haematuria, loin pain and a mass in the flank

A

Renal cell carcinoma

86
Q

Painless haematuria (either visible or non-visible), frequency, urgency and dysuria

A

Uroethlial tumour

87
Q

Frequency of micturition, nocturia, delay in initiation of micturition and post-void dribbling. Acute urinary retention or retention with overflow incontinence. Enlarge smooth prostate

A

Benign enlargement of the prostate gland

88
Q

Frequency of micturition, nocturia, delay in initiation of micturition and post void dribbling. Acute urinary retention or retention with overflow incontinence. Rectal examination may reveal a hard irregular gland

A

Prostatic carcinoma

89
Q

Painless lump in the testicle. Presentation may also be cough and dyspnoea or back pains

A

Testicular tumour

90
Q

Rapid regular palpitations usually with abrupt onset and sudden termination. Dizziness, dyspnoea, central chest pain and syncope

A

Supraventricular arrhythmias

91
Q

Exertional dyspnoea, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea and fatigue. Cardiomegaly, displaced apex beat, third and fourth heart sounds, elevated JVP, tachycardia, hypotension, pleural effusion, ankle oedema, Ascites

A

Heart failure

92
Q

High blood pressure, preserved left ventricular function, pulmonary oedema on CXR

A

Hypertensive heart failure

93
Q

Acutely breathless, tachycardia, profuse sweating, wheezes and clock ales throughout the chest, hypoxia,

A

Pulmonary oedema

94
Q

Hypotension, tachycardia, oliguria, cold extremities

A

Cardiogenic shock

95
Q

Warm peripheries, pulmonary congestion, blood pressure may be low

A

Septic shock

96
Q

Low CO, elevated JVP, hepatomegaly, hypotension

A

Right heart failure

97
Q

Chest pain on lying down

A

Decubitus angina

98
Q

Chest pain that occurs at night and may waken the patient from sleep

A

Nocturnal angina

99
Q

Chest pain that rapidly increases in severity, occurs at rest, or is of recent onset (1 month)

A

Unstable angina

100
Q

Patient with known anyone and worsening pain on minimal exertion, chest pain at rest or chest pain unrelieved in the usual time by nitrates.

A

Acute coronary syndromes

101
Q

Central severe chest pain that occurs at rest that lasts from many hours. Often associated with sweating, breathlessness, nausea, vomiting and restlessness. Often pale, sweaty and grey

A

STEMI

102
Q

Suddenly fever, joint pains and loss of appetite. Also changing heart murmurs, mitral and aortic regurgitation, heart failure and chest pains. Polyarthritis.

A

Rheumatic fever

103
Q

Progressive exertional dyspnoea. cough productive of blood-tinged sputum. AF. Pulmonary oedema. Fatigue and lower limb oedema. Mitral facies.

A

Mitral stenosis

104
Q

Pulmonary oedema. Exertional dyspnoea , fatigue and lethargy. Alex beat displaced laterally, with a diffuse thrusting character. Soft first heart sound. Pansystolic murmur loudest at the apex. Often third heart sound

A

Mitral regurgitation

105
Q

Angina, Exertional syncope. Carotid pulse is slow rising (plateau plate) and the apex beat thrusting. Harsh systolic ejection murmur at the right upper sternal border and radiating to the neck.

A

Aortic stenosis

106
Q

Painless haematuria (either visible or non-visible), frequency, urgency and dysuria

A

Uroethlial tumour

107
Q

Frequency of micturition, nocturia, delay in initiation of micturition and post-void dribbling. Acute urinary retention or retention with overflow incontinence. Enlarge smooth prostate

A

Benign enlargement of the prostate gland

108
Q

Frequency of micturition, nocturia, delay in initiation of micturition and post void dribbling. Acute urinary retention or retention with overflow incontinence. Rectal examination may reveal a hard irregular gland

A

Prostatic carcinoma

109
Q

Painless lump in the testicle. Presentation may also be cough and dyspnoea or back pains

A

Testicular tumour

110
Q

Rapid regular palpitations usually with abrupt onset and sudden termination. Dizziness, dyspnoea, central chest pain and syncope

A

Supraventricular arrhythmias

111
Q

Exertional dyspnoea, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea and fatigue. Cardiomegaly, displaced apex beat, third and fourth heart sounds, elevated JVP, tachycardia, hypotension, pleural effusion, ankle oedema, Ascites

A

Heart failure

112
Q

High blood pressure, preserved left ventricular function, pulmonary oedema on CXR

A

Hypertensive heart failure

113
Q

Acutely breathless, tachycardia, profuse sweating, wheezes and clock ales throughout the chest, hypoxia,

A

Pulmonary oedema

114
Q

Hypotension, tachycardia, oliguria, cold extremities

A

Cardiogenic shock

115
Q

Warm peripheries, pulmonary congestion, blood pressure may be low

A

Septic shock

116
Q

Low CO, elevated JVP, hepatomegaly, hypotension

A

Right heart failure

117
Q

Chest pain on lying down

A

Decubitus angina

118
Q

Chest pain that occurs at night and may waken the patient from sleep

A

Nocturnal angina

119
Q

Chest pain that rapidly increases in severity, occurs at rest, or is of recent onset (1 month)

A

Unstable angina

120
Q

Patient with known anyone and worsening pain on minimal exertion, chest pain at rest or chest pain unrelieved in the usual time by nitrates.

A

Acute coronary syndromes

121
Q

Central severe chest pain that occurs at rest that lasts from many hours. Often associated with sweating, breathlessness, nausea, vomiting and restlessness. Often pale, sweaty and grey

A

STEMI

122
Q

Suddenly fever, joint pains and loss of appetite. Also changing heart murmurs, mitral and aortic regurgitation, heart failure and chest pains. Polyarthritis.

A

Rheumatic fever

123
Q

Progressive exertional dyspnoea. cough productive of blood-tinged sputum. AF. Pulmonary oedema. Fatigue and lower limb oedema. Mitral facies.

A

Mitral stenosis

124
Q

Pulmonary oedema. Exertional dyspnoea , fatigue and lethargy. Alex beat displaced laterally, with a diffuse thrusting character. Soft first heart sound. Pansystolic murmur loudest at the apex. Often third heart sound

A

Mitral regurgitation

125
Q

Angina, Exertional syncope. Carotid pulse is slow rising (plateau plate) and the apex beat thrusting. Harsh systolic ejection murmur at the right upper sternal border and radiating to the neck.

A

Aortic stenosis

126
Q

A ‘collapsing’ pulse with a wide pulse pressure. The apex beat is displaced laterally and is thrusting in quality. Dyspnoea, orthopnoea, and fatigue but usually asymptomatic. An Austin Flint murmur. A blowing early diastolic murmur at the left sternal edge in the fourth intercostal space

A

Aortic regurgitation

127
Q

Malaise, fever, night sweats, weight loss and anaemia. New or changing heart murmurs. Pulmonary infection and pneumonia. Splinter haemorrhages, roths spots, osler’s nodes and janeway lesions are uncommon.

A

Infective endocarditis

128
Q

Exertional dyspnoea, lethargy and fatigue. Peripheral oedema and abdominal pain. Loud pulmonary second sound, right parasternal heave, cor pulmonale

A

Pulmonary hypertension

129
Q

Breathlessness, pleuritic chest pain and haemoptysis. Tachypnoeic and have a pleural rub and an educative pleura effusion.

A

Small/medium PE

130
Q

Severe central chest pain and suddenly becomes shocked, pale and sweaty, with marked tachypnoea and tachycardia. Central cyanosis, elevated JVP, a right ventricular heave, accentuation of the second heart sound and a gallop rhythm

A

Massive Pulmonary embolism

131
Q

Acute illness characterised by fever and varying degrees of biventricular failure. Cardiac arrhythmia and pericarditis may also occur.

A

Myocarditis

132
Q

Patients may be symptom-free or have breathlessness, angina or syncope. Jerky carotid pulse. Ejection systolic murmur

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

133
Q

Shortness of breath is usually the first complaint, less often patients present with embolism or arrhythmia. Subsequently there is progressive heart failure

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

134
Q

Sharp retrosternal chest pain which is characteristically relived by leaning forward. Pain may be worse on inspiration and radiate to the neck and shoulders. The cardinal clinical sign is a pericardial friction rub, which may be transient

A

Acute pericarditis

135
Q

Hypotension, tachycardia and an elevated JVP, which paradoxically rises with inspiration

A

Pericardial effusion and tamponade

136
Q

May be asymptomatic. Found as a pulsating mass on abdo examination or as calcification on a plain x-Ray. May cause epigastric or back pain or rupture

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

137
Q

May be asymptomatic, or back pain, dysphasia and cough

A

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

138
Q

Tearing central chest pain that radiates through to the back

A

Dissecting aortic aneurysm

139
Q

Initial pallor, followed by cyanosis and finally redness. Often in the extremities

A

Raynaud’s disease

140
Q

Leg may be warm and swollen with calf tenderness and superficial venous distension

A

DVT

141
Q

Abrupt onset of fever, generalising aching in the limbs, sever headche, sore throat and dry cough, all of which may last several weeks

A

Influenza

142
Q

Common cough and sputum, persistent and progressive breathlessness and wheeze. Pursed-lip breathing, thin with loss of muscle mass

A

COPD

143
Q

Chronic productive cough and recurrent chest infections. Copious amounts of thick, foul-smelling green sputum. Haemoptysis, breathlessness and wheeze

A

Bronchiectasis

144
Q

Progressive Bronchiectasis, airflow limitation and eventually respiratory failure. Finger clubbing. Sinusitis and nasal polyps. Steatorrhoea, diabetes mellitus

A

Cystic fibrosis

145
Q

Wheezing attacks, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough. Symptoms tend to be intermittent, worse at night and in the early morning and provoked by triggers

A

Asthma

146
Q

Pyrexia, cough, sputum production, pleurisy and dyspnoea

A

Pneumonia

147
Q

Usually symptomless, occasionally erythema nodosum, a small pleural effusion or pulmonary collapse with fever

A

TB

148
Q

Non-productive cough, breathlessness and sometimes a wheeze

A

Sarcoidosis

149
Q

Progressive breathlessness and a non-productive cough. Respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Often finger clubbing

A

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

150
Q

Cough, chest pain, haemoptysis and breathlessness

A

Lung cancer

151
Q

Localised sharp pain made worse on deep inspiration, coughing and bending or twisting movements

A

Pleurisy

152
Q

Sudden onset of pleuritic chest pain and breathlessness. Reduced breath sounds and hyperresonant percussion on examination

A

Pneumothorax

153
Q

Tachycardia, sweating, cold clammy skin and slow capillary refill

A

Hypovolaemic shock

154
Q

Raised JVP, pulsus arternans, a ‘gallop’ rhythm and pulmonary oedema

A

Cardiogenic shock

155
Q

Muffled heart sounds, pulsus paradoxus, elevated JVP, Kussmaul’s sign.

A

Cardiac tamponade

156
Q

Right heart strain, raised JVP with prominent ‘a’ waves, right ventricular heave and a loud pulmonary second sound

A

Massive pulmonary embolism

157
Q

Warm peripheries, hypotension, urticaria, angio-oedema, wheezing and upper airway obstruction

A

Anaphylactic shock

158
Q

Tachypnoea, increasing hypoxia and laboured breathing are the initial features.

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

159
Q

Tiredness/malaise, weight gain, cold intolerance, goitre, mental slowness, dry thin hair, dry skin, bradycardia, slow-relaxing reflexes

A

Hypothyroidism

160
Q

Weight loss, increased appetite, irritability, tremor, heat intolerance, tremor, tachycardia, full pulse, warm vasodilate drew peripheries, goitre, lid lag, exophthalmos

A

Hyperthyroidism

161
Q

Pressure or pain in the eye, a gritty sensation, decreased vision and photophobia. Exophthalmos and ophthalmoplegia, conjunctival oedema, lid lag and corneal scarring

A

Graves’ disease

162
Q

Insidious presentation of lethargy, depression, anorexia and weight loss. Postural hypertension. Hyperpigmentation. Vitiligo and loss of body hair

A

Addison’s disease/primary hypoadrenalism

163
Q

Obesity, typically central, affecting the trunk, abdomen and neck (buffalo hump). Plethoric complexion with a moon face, thin skin, bruising, hypertension, fractures, striae, proximal myopathy

A

Cushing’s syndrome

164
Q

Polyuria (15L in 24 hours) and polydipsia

A

Diabetes insipidus

165
Q

Nausea, irritability and headache with mild dilutional hyponatraemia. Fits and coma may occur with severe hyponatraemia

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

166
Q

Often asymptomatic. Symptoms of general malaise and depression, bone pain, abdominal pain, nausea and constipation. Polyuria and nocturia

A

Hypercalcaemia

167
Q

Increased excitability of muscles and nerves. There is numbness around the mouth and in the extremities, followed by cramps, tetany, convulsions and death of untreated. Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s sign test for neuromuscular excitability

A

Hypocalcaemia

168
Q

Muscle weakness leading to respiratory failure, impaired myocardial contractile th and cardia failure and skeletal muscle weakness and rhabdomolysis. Encephalopathy and rarely haemolysis

A

Hypophosphataemia

169
Q

Hypertension and Hyperkalaemia

A

Conn’s syndrome

170
Q

May be episodic and include headache, palpitations, sweating, anxiety, nausea and weight loss. May also be intermittent hypertension, tachycardia and pallor

A

Phaeochromocytoma

171
Q

Thirst, polyuria and weight loss. May also be lack of energy, visual problems and pruritis.

A

Diabetes mellitus

172
Q

Profound dehydration. Vomiting. The eyes are sunken, tissue turgor is reduced and the tongue is dry. Kussmaul’s respiration. Breath smells of ketones. Low temperature

A

Ketoacidosis

173
Q

Fluctuating cognition with pronounced variation in attention and alertness. Impairment in attention, frontal, subcortical and visuospatial ability is prominent. Depression and sleep disorders occur. Recurrent formed visual hallucinations are a feature. Delusions and transient loss of consciousness occur. Cortical Lewy bodies are prominent at autopsy

A

Dementia with Lewy bodies

174
Q

Short-term memory loss but subsequently there is slow disintegration of the personality and intellect, eventually affecting all aspects of cortical function. There is decline in language, visuospacial skills, apraxia and agnosia

A

Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease

175
Q

Progressive tetraparesis

A

Primary lateral sclerosis (motor neurone disease)

176
Q

Dysarthria, dysphagia with wasting and fasciculation of the tongue

A

Progressive bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy (motor neurone disease)

177
Q

Progressive spastic tetraparesis or paraparesis with added wasting and fasciculation

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neurone disease)

178
Q

Weakness, wasting and fasciculation (spontaneous, irregular and brief contractions of part of a muscle) in the hands and arms

A

Progressive muscular atrophy (motor neurone disease)

179
Q

Bladder and bowel dysfunction and perianal and perineal numbness. May also be back pain, numbness and weakness in the legs with reduced reflexes

A

Cauda equina lesion

180
Q

Progressive weakness of the legs with upper motor neurone pattern and eventual paralysis. The onset may be acute or chronic, depending on the cause. Sometimes loss of sphincter control with urinalysis incontinence

A

Spinal cord compression

181
Q

Headache, scalp tenderness and occasionally pain in the jaw and mouth which is characteristically worse on eating. The superficial temporal artery may be tender film and pulseless. Blindness occurs in 25% of untreated cases. Also weight loss, malaise and a low-grade fever

A

Giant cell arteritis

182
Q

Rapid onset, severe, short-lived (1-2 hours), unilateral headaches with a clustering of painful attacks over weeks or months. Often begins around the eye or temple. Lacrimation and redness of the eye

A

Cluster headaches

183
Q

Unilateral, throbbing and builds up over minutes to hours. May be associated with nausea, vomiting and photophobia. It may last for days and is made worse by exercise. Auras may occur. The patient is irritable and dark

A

Migraine

184
Q

Feeling of pressure or rightness all around the head

A

Tension headache

185
Q

Progressive focal neurological deficit, raised intracranial pressure, focal or generalised epilepsy

A

Brain tumour

186
Q

Cerebral function is usually abnormal with altered mental state, motor and sensory deficits

A

Encephalitis

187
Q

Headache, neck stiffness and fever develop over minutes to hours. Photophobia and vomiting are often present. Kernig’s sign is usually present. Papilloedema.

A

Bacterial meningitis

188
Q

Young adult with two or more clinically distinct episodes of CNS dysfunction followed by a remission during which symptoms and signs resolve to extent within weeks. Common ones are optic neuropathy, brainstem demyelination and spinal cord lesions

A

Multiple sclerosis

189
Q

A relentlessly progressive course with chorea and personality change preceding dementia and death, usually begin in middle age

A

Huntington’s disease

190
Q

Rest tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia develops over months or several years together with changes in posture. Usually more prominent on one side

A

Parkinson’s disease

191
Q

Isolated muscle jerking, intense stiffening of the body or cessation of movement, falling and loss of consciousness.

A

Myoclonic, tonic and akinetic seizures

192
Q

Usually a disorder of childhood in which the child ceases activity, stares and pales for a few seconds only.

A

Typical absence seizures (petit mal)

193
Q

Sudden onset of rigid tonic phase followed by a convulsion in which the muscles jerk rhythmically. The episode lasts typically for seconds to minutes, may be associated with tongue biting and I continence of urine and is often followed by a period of drowsiness or coma for several hours

A

Generalised tonic-clonic epileptic seizures

194
Q

Head injury with a brief period of unconsciousness followed by a lucid interval of recovery. Followed by rapid deterioration with focal neurological signs and deterioration in conscious level

A

Extradural haemorrhage

195
Q

Headache, drowsiness and confusion, which may fluctuate

A

Subdural haemorrhage

196
Q

Sudden onset of severe headache, often occipital, that reaches maximum intensity immediately or within minutes. Often accompanied by nausea and vomiting and sometimes lack of consciousness.

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

197
Q

Severe paroxysms of knife-like pain occur in one or more sensory divisions of the trigeminal nerve, brought on by specific triggers

A

Trigeminal neuralgia

198
Q

Profound dehydration, decreased level of consciousness, bloods differentiate between this and Ketoacidosis

A

Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state

Phase 2a Annie Evans (6 decks)

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