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Biology A2 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What shape are bacillus bacteria?

A

Rod shaped

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2
Q

What shape are coccus bacteria?

A

Spherical shaped

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3
Q

What shape are spirillum bacteria?

A

Spiral shaped

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4
Q

What are the key organelles in a virus?

A
  1. Flagellum
  2. Pilus
  3. Plasmid
  4. Capsule
  5. Circular DNA
  6. Ribosome
  7. Plasma membrane
  8. Cell Wall
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5
Q

What is a diplo arrangement of bacteria?

A

Cells that remain in pairs

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6
Q

What is a strepto arrangement of bacteria?

A

Cells remain attached in chains

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7
Q

What is a Tetrads arrangement of bacteria?

A

Cells arranged in squares

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8
Q

What is a Staphylo arrangement of bacteria?

A

Random planes of division resulting in sheets and clumps.

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9
Q

Do prokaryotes have a membrane bound nucleus?

A

No

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10
Q

What is the cell wall of a prokaryote made up of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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11
Q

How to prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Binary fission

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12
Q

What is the function of a virus cell wall?

A
  1. Prevents osmotic lysis
  2. Maintains pressure inside cell
  3. Maintains rigidity and cell structure
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13
Q

What are the structural characteristics of a gram positive bacteria?

A

A cell wall with a thick layer of peptidoglycan

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14
Q

What colour do gram positive bacteria stain?

A

Purple

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15
Q

What dye is held by a gram positive bacteria?

A

Crystal Violet

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16
Q

What are the structural characteristics of a gram negative bacteria?

A

A complex cell wall with a thin layer of peptidoglycan and a thick outer layer of lipopolysaccharide.

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17
Q

What colour do gram negative bacteria stain?

A

Pink

18
Q

Why do gram negative bacteria stain pink?

A

The crystal violet stain is removed when rinsed with ethanol.

19
Q

What physical conditions do microbes require?

A
  1. Suitable temperature
  2. Suitable pH
  3. Oxygen requirements
20
Q

What nutrient conditions do microbes require?

A
  1. Carbon source
  2. Nitrogen source
  3. Inorganic ions and vitamins
21
Q

What are saprotrophs?

A

Bacteria with a lower temperature optima

22
Q

What are psychrophiles?

A

Bacteria that grow down to -15 degrees

23
Q

What are thermophiles?

A

Bacteria that have an optimum of 80 degrees

24
Q

What is the optimum temperature of pathogens?

A

Body temperature - 37 degrees

25
Q

Why should it be ensured that a incubation plate is not sealed off from oxygen?

A

It minimises the chance of the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

26
Q

What is an obligate aerobe?

A

Bacteria which require oxygen, can only grow in oxygen rich environments

27
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe?

A

Bacteria that can only survive in the absence of oxygen

28
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A

Bacteria that can survive in the absence of oxygen but grow best in the presence of oxygen.

29
Q

What is the growth media for bacteria?

A

Liquid, broth or agar

30
Q

List 5 aseptic techniques and why they are employed

A
  1. Autoclave equipment; kills spores and bacteria
  2. Flame inoculation loops, wires and glass spreaders; kills bacteria
  3. Open petri dish lids at a small angle; prevents bacteria entering the dish
  4. Roaring blue flame; creates convection current to move away contaminated air
  5. Keep McCartney caps in hand and flame bottle necks; do not contaminate desk, kills bacteria.
31
Q

What is the total cell count?

A

Total of all dead and living bacteria

32
Q

What can total cell count be used for?

A

Calculating turbidity using a colorimeter

33
Q

What is viable cell count?

A

Total of living cells only

34
Q

Why is it important to estimate population growth?

A
  1. Environmental health monitoring
  2. Water Supply
  3. Monitoring growth in fermenters
35
Q

What is the problem with serial dilution?

A

If dilution is not significant, then the colonies will merge and counting is inaccurate.

36
Q

What are the general problems with counting bacteria?

A
  1. They are very small
  2. There are lots of them
  3. Difficult to tell the difference between dead and alive bacteria?
37
Q

What are the advantages of a viable count method?

A
  1. Counts living cells
38
Q

What are the disadvantages of a viable count method?

A
  1. Possible to under estimate the population
  2. Takes a long time to count
  3. If a culture is mixed, some may take longer to grow than others
39
Q

What are the advantages to total cell count method?

A
  1. Quick
  2. Used on several types of cells
  3. Alive or dead is shown
40
Q

What are the disadvantages to total cell count method?

A
  1. Difficult to count clumps
  2. Does not always divide living and dead
  3. Difficult to count under a microscope

Biology A2 (8 decks)

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