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Y2 DERMATOLOGY > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Define ‘virulence’

A

The ability of an organism to cause disease within a host

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2
Q

Name 5 virulence factors

A 
Adhesin
Impedin
Invasin
Aggressin
Modulin
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3
Q

What are adhesins?

A

Bacterial cell surface components that help the organism stick/adhere to host tissue

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4
Q

What are invasins?

A

Enable organisms to invade host tissue

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5
Q

What are impedins?

A

Help the organism avoid the defence/immune response in host tissue

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6
Q

What are aggressins?

A

Cause direct damage to host tissue + immune cells, affecting the host’s ability to cope with disease in the future

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7
Q

What are modulins?

A

Cause indirect damage to the host by turning the immune system in on itself (host’s immune system causes damage to host tissue)

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8
Q

The nasal strain of Staph. aureus can protect the mucosa. True/False?

A

True

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9
Q

Staph. epidermidis can occupy up to 100% of our skin. True/False?

A

True

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10
Q

Where is the most common entry of Staph. aureus into the body?

A

Nasal entry

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11
Q

Name the 3 particularly important virulence factors of Staph. aureus disease

A

Fibrinogen-binding protein (adhesin)
Leukocidin (kills leukocytes)
TSST-1 (toxin)

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12
Q

Every strain of Staph. aureus carries every virulence factor. True/False?

A

False

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13
Q

Which 2 severe skin diseases is leukocidin associated with?

A

Necrotising fasciitis

Recurrent furunculosis

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14
Q

Leukocidin is more virulent in hospital-acquired MRSA than community-acquired. True/False?

A

False

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15
Q

Give an example of a superantigen released by MRSA

A

TSST-1 (toxic shock)

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16
Q

How exactly do superantigens avoid specific T-cell activation?

A

Bind to MHC II complex on the outside, i.e. not the conventional binding groove

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17
Q

Name 3 skin infections caused by Strep. pyogenes

A

Impetigo
Cellulitis
Necrotising fasciitis

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18
Q

How does the Lancefield system classify different subtypes of Step. pyogenes?

A

M-protein

M1 and M3 are predominant; M3 and M18 cause severe, invasive disease

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19
Q

Which 2 virulence factors are particularly important as adhesins for Strep. pyogenes disease?

A 
Hyaluronic acid (sticky capsule)
CD44 +ve keratinocytes
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20
Q

The bigger the capsule, the less virulent an organism is. True/False?

A

False

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21
Q

Where does impetigo usually affect?

A

Face

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22
Q

Where in the body is Strep. pyogenes normally found?

A

Throat

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23
Q

Which strain of Staph aureus commonly produces abscesses and boils, usually affecting numerous family members at once?

A

PVL (panton valentine leukocidin)

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24
Q

Which group of Strep causes throat and severe skin infections?

A

Group A

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25
Which bacteria cause impetigo?
Staph aureus | Group A Strep
26
Which bacteria tends to cause nectrotising fasciitis?
Group A Strep (pyogenes)
27
What is the treatment of choice for Staph aureus?
Flucloxacillin
28
What is the treatment of choice for Strep pyogenes?
Penicillin
29
What is necrotising fasciitis?
Bacterial infection spreading under the skin into fascia
30
What is the nickname of necrotising fasciitis?
Flesh-eating bacterial disease
31
Type I necrotising fasciitis is caused by Group A Strep. True/False?
FalseType I = mixed anaerobes and coliformsType II = group A Strep
32
What is the most common skin fungal infection caused by?
Ringworm (Tinea)
33
Tinea pedis is another name for what?
Athlete's foot
34
How is dermatophyte infection caused?
Fungus enters abraded skin and infects keratinised tissue, provoking inflammation and outward lesioning
35
Which organism is the most common cause of dermatophyte infection?
Trichophyton rubrum
36
How are small areas of dermatophyte infection treated?
``` Clotrimazole cream Nail paint (amorlfine) ```
37
How are dermatophyte scalp infections treated?
Terbinafine oral | Itraconzole oral
38
Which parasite causes scabies?
Sarcoptes scabiei
39
Incubation of the scabies parasites takes up to how long?
6 weeks
40
How is scabies treated?
``` Permethrin cream Benzyl benzoate (not in children) ```
41
Chickenpox and shingles are due to which virus?
Varicella zoster
42
Where does varicella zoster become dormant following chickenpox?
Dorsal root ganglia of spine
43
Chickenpox can cause pneumonitis and encephalitis. True/False?
True
44
What is Ramsay-Hunt syndrome?
Reactivation of VZV in CN VII | Causes vesicles and pain in auditory canal and throat
45
What does herpes simplex virus cause around the mouth?
Primary gingivostomatitis | Extensive ulceration
46
What is the treatment of choice for varicella zoster and herpes simplex virus?
Aciclovir
47
Which virus tends to cause warts?
Human papilloma virus
48
Which treatment is effective for warts?
Salicylic acid | Liquid nitrogen
49
Which bacterium causes syphilis? What are the signs?
Treponema pallidum | Red rash all over body and chancre (painless ulcers)
50
How is syphilis treated?
Penicillin injections
51
What is the most severe form of MRSA?
PVL
52
What are the signs of impetigo? How is it treated?
Discharge, golden yellow crust, painful | Topical antbiotics
53
What are the signs of cellulitis? How is it treated?
Fever, rigors, nausea, red and swollen rash | Flucloxicillin 3 times a day
54
What are the signs of fascitis? How is it treated?
Pain, fever, purple skin | Immediate surgical debridement and antibiotics
55
What is the treatment of choice for MRSA?
Vancomycin | Doxycycline
56
What are the signs of dermatophyte ringworm? How is it treated?
Ring shaped rash Hair loss Clotrimazole, terbinafine cream
57
Where is candida typically found? How is it managed?
Warm, moist skin folds | Clotrimazole cream, oral fluconazole
58
What are the signs of scabies?
Intensely itchy, red, linear rash particularly on the wrists and elbows Highly contagious
59
What is the main sign of lice? How is it treated?
Intense itch | Malathion lotion overnight
60
What are the main signs of chickenpox?
``` Generalised rash and fever Centripetal distribution Inflamed skin Itch Typically, in children ```
61
How does shingles arise? What are the signs?
Reactivation of zoster Tingling/ sharp pain, erythema, vesicles, crusts in a DERMATOMAL pattern Often no visible rash
62
What cranial nerves are affected by shingles?
``` Opthalmic zoster (CNV1) Shingles (CNV1/2) ```
63
HSV Type 1 is typically the genital form. True/ False?
False | Type 1 is the oral form and type 2 is genital
64
Erythema multiforme is triggered by...
Drugs | Infections - HSV, mycoplasma pneumoniae
65
What are the signs of molluscum contagiousm? How is it treated?
Fleshy, firm, pearlescent nodules | Local liquid nitrogen if symptoms
66
Hand foot and mouth disease is caused by what virus?
Enteroviruses
67
Erythema infectiousm is also known as? What virus causes it?
Slapped cheek disease | Parovirus B19
68
An orf is usually caught from what animal? What does it look like? How is it treated?
Sheep Firm fleshy nodule on hands of farmers Self-limiting
69
Mycoplasma pneumoniae typically presents as SOB and a productive cough. True/ False?
False | Usually presents with fever and an erythematous target-shaped skin lesion
70
How is mycoplasma pneumoniae typically treated?
Doxycycline

Y2 DERMATOLOGY (12 decks)

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