Microbiology and Pathology

Question 1

Describe the structure of bacteria?

Answer 1

Single-celled micro-organism, containing a cell wall

Question 2

What is the shape of staphylococci and streptococcus ?

Answer 2

Staphylococci = Circular cluster,
Streptococcus = Circular chain

Question 3

What is the shape of Bacilli and Lactobacilli ?

Answer 3

Bacilli = Rod-shaped with pointed ends
Lactobacilli = Rod-shaped with rounded ends

Question 4

What is the shape of spirochetes ?

Answer 4

Spiral

Question 5

Why are spores harder to get rid of ?

Answer 5

They have a hard outer coating that protects the bacteria within from ranging temps and chemicals

Question 6

What are the two types of agents of antibiotics and what do they do ?

Answer 6

Bactericidal agents: kills bacteria

Bacteriostatic agents: prevents production and multiplying [targets cell wall]

Question 7

What are the common antibiotics used in a dental Practice?

Answer 7

• Amoxicillin 500-mg 3x daily for up to 5 days
• Metronidazole 400mg 3x daily for up to 5 days

Clarithromycin/erythromycin 250mg 2x daily for up to 5 days Alternative to penicillin

Question 8

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic bacteria?

Answer 8

• Anaerobic Bacteria- can survive in low oxygen levels
• Aerobic Bacteria – Require’s oxygen

Question 9

How do viruses survive?

Answer 9

by living within a host cell

Question 10

What are some important viruses that are present in the dental profession?

Answer 10

Hepatitis ABC, HIV, Herpes simplex, Espein-Barr virus, Paramyxovirus, Coxsackievirus

Question 11

What treatment is used to treat viruses?

Answer 11

Anti-viral (aciclovir)

Question 12

How are virus infected instruments cleaned?

Answer 12

They must be sterilised to cleaned with specialised viricidal chemicals

Question 13

Describe the structure of fungi ?

Answer 13

Plant like organisms that grow as an extensive network of branches lying across the body tissues (Hyphae) and reproduce by budding out from the ends of the hyphae or by the production of spores from fruiting bodies

Question 14

What are some important fungi that are present in the dental profession?

Answer 14

Candida albicans, oral thrush, chronic oral candidosis, Angular cheilitis

Question 15

What treatment is used to treat Fungi?

Answer 15

Anti-fungal, Topical nystatin, Amphotercin lozenges, miconazole gel and fluconazole tablets

Question 16

What is stomatitis

Answer 16

Infection is a General inflammatory condition affecting the oral cavity. Often due to dentures/general debilitation and malnutrition caused by candida

Question 17

What is Angular Cheilitis?

Answer 17

Inflammation at the corners (angels) of the mouth

Question 18

What is Glossitis?

Answer 18

Inflammation of the tongue often seen in iron deficiency anaemia can be caused by Candida

Question 19

What are Analgesics

Answer 19

Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, aspirin

Question 20

Examples of Direct contact, Airborne droplets, Aerosol spray, Direct entry and Inoculation injury

Answer 20

Direct contact - Bodily fluids, saliva, blood or vomit etc

Airborne droplets - from infected person sneezing, coughing or spitting

Aerosol spray - caused due to hand pieces

Direct entry - through damaged skin, cuts, grazes, piercings

Inoculation injury - pick and poke injury

Question 21

Tissue repair

Question 22

Chronic infections

Question 23

What is Natural immunity?

Answer 23

Present at birth (randomly inherited)

Question 24

What is passive immunity?

Answer 24

present from birth (inherited from mother)

Question 25

What is accquired immunity?

Answer 25

Naturally from acquired antibodies due to overcoming an illness

Question 26

What are the vaccinations required in dentistry?

Answer 26

Hep B, MMR [measles, mumps and rubella], TB, Polio, Diphtheria and tetanus, chickening pox, meningitis

Question 27

What is used for avoidance of cross Infection?

Answer 27

Staff vaccination, PPE + Cleaning procedures, single use disposables, sterilisation, clinical areas clean and dirty, thorough hand cleaning.

Question 28

short description of Dental caries?

Answer 28

Streptococcus mutants in hard tissues of a tooth

Question 29

short description of Periodontal disease?

Answer 29

Infection in the gingivae and periodontal tissues

Question 30

Short description of Oral thrush ?

Answer 30

fungal infection within the oral cavity

Question 31

Periapical abscess:

Answer 31

Infection at pulp that leaks to apex

Question 32

Periodontal abscess:

Answer 32

Bacteria in a pocket causing an abscess

Question 33

Aphthous ulcer:

Answer 33

ulceration of soft tissue [no infection]

Question 34

Herpetic ulcer

Answer 34

Ulceration caused via herpes simplex

Question 35

Anug [acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis]

Answer 35

acute infection of the gingivae causing ulceration [Bacillus fusifromis and Treponema vincenti]

Question 36

Dental cyst

Answer 36

associated with a tooth [unerupted/erupted]

Question 37

Alveolar bone cyst:

Answer 37

formed within the jaw of the bone

Question 38

Pericoronitis

Answer 38

caused by Streptococci milleri group = infection of third molar tooth [wisdom tooth]

Question 39

Localised osteitis

Answer 39

Dry sockets

Question 40

Cellulitis

Answer 40

Infections that spreads from tooth to surrounding deep soft tissues

Question 41

Cleft palate:

Answer 41

birth defect, in the palate the two bony halves fail to join [occurs during Embryonic development]

Question 42

Oral cancer

Answer 42

Malignant tumour that affects the soft tissues orally squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]

Question 43

Herpes simplex type one: [Gingivostomatitis]

Answer 43

Acute inflammation of the soft oral tissues Gingivostomatitis: ulcers within oral cavity

Question 44

Herpes Labialis

Answer 44

cold sore

Question 45

Herpes Zoster

Answer 45

Shingles

Question 46

Diabetes: effects of the disease on the oral cavity?

Answer 46

- Xerostomia: Dry mouth - Poor wound healing - Infection: peripheral vascular disease and peripheral neuropathy = reduced blood flow and nerve sensation within the oral cavity = more readily into abscesses

Question 47

Affects of epilepsy medication

Answer 47

Medication Epilim has a side affected of gingival hyperplasia

Question 48

Affects of Eating disorders on the oral cavity ?

Answer 48

Enamel erosion = due to acidic residing on the teeth when throwing up [bulimia] Affects the palatal surface of upper teeth/ anterior teeth Soft tissue burns= Burns caused by acid present in vomit

Question 49

Digestive disorders that affects the oral cavity

Answer 49

Crohn’s disease: A chronic inflammatory disease that affects the GIT shows orally as ulceration throughout the oral cavity Ulcerative colitis: A chronic inflammatory affecting the colon and rectal areas of the GIT shows orally as aphthous ulcers Coeliac disease: [small intestine] Gluten intolerance, appears orally as ulcerations, glossitis and stomatitis