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NBDE Part 1 > Microbiology Bacteriology > Flashcards

Microbiology Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

What do all bacteria contain, (except one type: what is the exception)

A
  • All bacteria (except Mycoplasma sp.) contain a selectively permeable plasma membrane surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall of differing thickness
    • Peptidoglycan is a cross-linked polysaccharide consisting of alternating N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues (NAG and NAM)
      • Salivary lysozyme cleaves the glycosidic bonds of the peptidoglycan molecule
  • A gelatinous polysaccharide capsule surrounds the cell wall, which functions in virulence (prevents opsonization and phagocytosis), antigenicity, and bacterial adhesion
    • All bacterial capsules are polysaccharides except that of Bacillus anthracis, which is a protein containing D-glutamate
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2
Q

Bacterial Genetic Exchange

A

Genetic information is exchanged between bacteria in three ways (conjugation, transduction, and transformation), creating genetic variability and antibiotic resistance

  • Plasmids : Extrachromosomal DNA that replicates independently within bacteria. They determine traits not essential to their viability, but allow them to adapt (eg. antibiotic resistance)
  • Transposition : Transfer of DNA within a bacteria cell occurs via transposons , which are portions of DNA that “jump” from plasmid -> chromosome and vise versa
    • Regardless of the mode of exchange, the DNA becomes integrated into the host cell chromosome by recombination
  • Bacteria reproduces by binary fission , in which one parent cell divides into two progeny cells. Bacteria growth is thus exponential
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3
Q

Explain the three types of Bacterial Genetic Exchange

A
  • Transformation:
    • DNA transfer by: Uptake of naked DNA
    • DNA transfer from environment only a few natural transformers
      • Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • Conjugation:
    • Transfer largest amount of genetic information
    • DNA transfer by: Conjugated tube (sex pilus)
    • Bacterial DNA is transferred as a separate F plasmid (fertility factor):
      • F+ cell -> F- cell (plasmid only)
    • Or the F plasmid can be incorporated into the bacterial chromosome:
      • Hfr cell -> F- cell (plasmid and chromosomal genes)
  • Transduction:
    • DNA transfer by: Virus (bacteriophage)
    • Can occur via lytic or lysogenic bacteriophage replication pathways
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4
Q

Bacterial Virulence Factors:

Mediators of Bacterial Adhesion/Attachment

A
  • Capsule: Polysaccharide (except in Bacillus anthracis)
  • Glycocalyx: Polysaccharide (allows adhesion to teeth, heart valves, catheters)
  • Fimbriae/pili: Glycoproteins (shorter appendages)
  • Adhesins: Surface proteins
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5
Q

Bacterial Virulence Factors:

Mediators of Evasion of Hoste Defenses

A
  • Capsule: Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis
  • Surface Proteins:
    • M protein: Prevents phagocytosis (from group A streptococci)
    • Protein A: Prevents opsinization and phagocytosis (From Staph. aureus)
  • Enzymes:
    • Coagulase: Promotes fibrin clot formation (staphylococcus species)
    • IgA protease: Degrades IgA by cleaving Amino acids (from Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Neisseria sp)
    • Leukocidins: Destroy polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages
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6
Q

Bacterial Virulence Factors:

Mediators of Host Tissue Destruction

A
  • Enzymes
    • Collagenases (metalloproteinases): Degrade collagen
    • Hyaluronidase: Degrades hyaluronic acid
    • Lecithinase: Hydrolyzes lecithin to destroy plasma membranes. Causes gas gangrene
    • Streptodornase (DNase): Depolymerizes DNA
    • Streptolysin O: Causes beta hemolysis (oxygen-labile)
    • Streptolysin S: Causes beta hemolysis (oxygen-Stable)
    • Pneumolysin: Causes beta-hemolysis
    • Streptokinase: Activates plasminogen to dissolve clots
    • Staphylokinase: Activates plasminogen to dissolve clots
    • Exfoliatin : Epidermolytic protease that cleaves desmoglein. Causes scalded skin syndrom
  • Toxins
    • Exotoxin
      • Location: Outer cell wall in G+ and G-
      • Structure: Polypeptides
      • Toxicity: High
      • Heat Stable: No
      • Characteristics: Include enterotoxins (exotoxins affecting intestinal epithelial cells) and detected by ELISA
    • Endotoxin
      • Location: Within cell wall in G- & Listeria
      • Structure: LPS; Lipid A (toxic portion)
      • Toxicity: Low
      • Heat Stable: Yes
      • Characteristics: Not secreted, but released when bacteria die
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7
Q

Comparison of Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

What is acid fast stain?

A
  • Gram-Positive:
    • Stain color: Purple
    • Peptidoglycan wall: Thick
    • Major wall constituent: Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)
    • Periplasmic Space: no
    • Endotoxin: No
  • Gram Negative:
    • Stain color: Pink
    • Peptidoglycan wall: Thin (2 lipid layers)
    • Major wall constituent: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
    • Periplasmic Space: yes
    • Endotoxin: Yes

Acid Fast Stain: Mycobacteria sp:

  • Mycobacteria cell walls contain mostly mycolic acid, and very little peptidoglycan
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8
Q

What are Gram + cocci

  • Catalase +
  • Catalase -
A
  • Catalase +
    • ​​Staphylococcus (Clusters)
  • Catalase -
    • ​​Streptococcus (chains)
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9
Q

After the catalase test on Gram + cocci, what further test breaks down Catalase + bacteria. What are the results

A
  • Coagulase +
    • S.aureus
  • Coagulase -
    • All the rest!!!
      • S. epidermidis
      • S. saprophyticus
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10
Q

What are the further breakdowns of Catalase - bacteria?

A
  • (Catalase - = Streptococcus (chains)
    • Can be further broken down into Hemolysis
  • Partial hemolysis (Green) = ALPHA (almost)
    • S. pneumoniae
      • Capsule (+ quellung) optochin senesitive, bile soluble
    • Viridan streptococci
      • Eg. Strep mutans
      • No capsule
      • Optochin resistant, not bile soluble
  • Complete hemolysis (Clear) = BETA (best)
    • Further calassified by Lancefield groups which are determined by C carbohydrate composition of cell wall
    • Group A
      • S. pyogenes
      • Bacitracin sensitive
        • Also some Enterococcus
    • Group B
      • S. agalactiae
      • Bacitracin resistant
  • No Hemolysis = GAMMA (Garbage)
    • Enterococcus (E. faecatis)
    • Peptostreptococcus (anaerobe)
      • Group D Strep
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11
Q

Explain the basics of Streptococci Gram + bacteria and its species

A

Gram-Positive Cocci: Streptococci

  • Grow in pairs or chains
  • Many are part of the normal human flora
  • Catalase -
  • Classified by lysis of erythrocytes (hemolysis) when plated on blood agar
    • Alpha = almost (green), Beta = best (clear), Gamma = garbage (none)
  • Beta-hemolytic Strep are further classified by Lancefield groups (Groups A, B, C, F, G, etc). Many Group D strep have since been reclassified as enterococci
    • Lancefield group is determined by the C carbohydrate composition of the cell wall
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12
Q

Explain the basics of Staphylococci and the major species

A

Gram-Positive Cocci = Staphylococci

  • Grow in grapelike clusters
  • Produce pyogenic (suppurative) infections
  • Catalase +: rids H2O2
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13
Q

What microorganism causes Meningitis, Otitis media (children), Pneumonia, Sinusitis

A

Strep. pneumoniae

(lancet-shaped diplococcus)

Alpha hemolysis

Major virulence Factors:

  • Capsule
  • Pneumolysin
  • IgA protease
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14
Q

What microorganism causes caries and endocarditis?

A

Viridans group:

Strep. mutans

Strep. sanguis

Alpha hemolytic

Virulence: part of normal flora or oropharynx

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15
Q

What microorganism causes pyogenic infections, pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

strawberry-like rash

A

Strep. pyogenes

Beta hemolysis (group A)

Major virulence factors:

  • M PROTEIN
  • Hyaluronidase
  • Streptokinase
  • Erythrogenic toxin
  • Streptolysin O and S
  • Exotoxin A and B
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16
Q

What microorganism is the number one cause of neonatal pneumonia, as well as neonatal meningitis, neonatal sepsis

A

Strep. agalactiae

Beta hemolysis (Group B)

Major virulence factor:

  • Capsule
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17
Q

What microorganism causes subacute endocarditis (associated with colon cancer)?

A

Strep. bovis

Gamma hemolytic (Group D)

Major Virulence Factor:

  • Normal colon flora
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18
Q

What microorganism is associated with UTI and subacute endocarditis?

A

Enterococci:

E. faecalis

E. faecium

Gamma hemolysis (group D)

Major virulence factor:

  • Normal colon flora
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19
Q

What content do spores contain that is ultimately killed by autoclaving

A

dipicolinic acid in their core

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20
Q

What microorganism causes the following diseases:

  • Abscess
  • Pneumonia

- Toxic shock syndrome

- Scalded skin syndrome

  • Food poisoning (enterotoxin)
  • MRSA
  • Endocarditis
  • Osteomyelitis
A

Staph. aureus

Coagulase +

Beta-hemolytic

Major virulence factors:

  • Protein A

- beta-lactamase

- enterotoxin

  • TSST
  • Exfoliatin
  • Hyaluronidase
  • Staphylokinase
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21
Q

What microorganism causes:

  • Infection of IV, catheters and prosthetic devices
A

Staph. epidermidis

Coagulase -

Gamma hemolytic

Major virulence factors:

  • Normal skin flora
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22
Q

What microorganism causes:

  • UTI
A

S. saprophyticus

Coagulase -

Gamma hemolytic

Major virulence factors:

  • Normal vaginal flora
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23
Q

Name the spore-forming Gram Positive bacilli?

A
  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Bacillus cereus
  • Clostridium botulinum
  • Clostridium tetani
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Clostridium difficile
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24
Q

What microorganism is responsible for:

  • cutaneous: black eschar (painless ulcer)
  • Pulmonary: inhalation of spores
A

Bacillus anthracis

-> Causes anthrax

Gram + bacilli

O2 Req: Aerobic

Spore-forming

Major Virulence Factors:

  • Anthrax toxin
  • Polypeptide capsule (has D-glutamate)
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25
Q

What microorganism is responsible for food poisoning due to the ingestion of reheated grains and rice (Fried rice)

A

Bacillus cereus

Gram + bacilli

O2 req: Facultative

Spore-forming

Major virulence factor:

  • Enterotoxin
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26
Q

What microorganism is responsible for the following symptoms

  • CN/muscular paralysis
  • Respiratory failure
  • commonly caused by the ingestion of undercooked canned foods, fish, ham, pork
A

Clostridium botulinum

Gram + bacilli

O2 Req: Anaerobic

Spore-forming

Major virulence factors:

  • Botulinum toxin (neurotoxin)

Most potent bacterial toxin

Botox derives from exotoxin A

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27
Q

What microorganism is responsible for the following symptoms:

  • Associated with puncture wounds
  • Spastic paralysis
  • Trismus (lock jaw)
A

Clostridium tetani

Causes Tetanus

Gram + bacilli

O2 Req: Anaerobic

Spore-forming

Major virulence factors:

  • Tetanus toxin (neurotoxin)
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28
Q

What microorganism causes the following diseases:

  • Gas gangrene (necrotizing faciitis, myonecrosis)
  • Food poisoning (injection of reheated meats)
A

Clostridium perfringens

Gram + bacilli

O2 req: Anaerobic

Spore-forming

Major virulence factors:

  • Alpha toxin (lecithinase)
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29
Q

What microorganism causes pseudomembranous colitis

  • often secondary to antibiotic use (clindamycin)
A

Clostridium difficile

Gram + bacilli

O2 Req: Anaerobic

Spore-forming

Major Virulence Factors:

  • Exotoxin A and B
30
Q

What microorganism causes:

  • pseudomembranous pharyngitis (grayish-white membrane on tonsils)
A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Causes Diphtheria

(club-shaped)

Gram + bacilli

O2 req: Aerobic

Non-spore forming

Major Virulence Factor:

  • Diphtheria toxin
31
Q

What microorganism causes the following diseases:

  • Neonatal meningitis (vaginal transmission during birth)
  • Gastroenteritis (ingestion of unpasteurized milk/cheese and deli meats)
A

Listeria monocytogenes

(motile via actin rockets)

Gram + bacilli

O2 Req: Facultative

Non-spore forming

Major Virulence Factors:

Listeriolysin O endotoxin

32
Q

What microorganism causes slow-growing, lumpy orofacial abscesses and is characteristic is a sulfur granule in colonies

A

Actinomyces israelii

Gram + bacilli

O2 Req: Anaerobic

Non-spore forming

Major Virulence Factor:

Normal oral flora

33
Q

Name the microorganisms that are the major Gram - cocci

A

Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

34
Q

What is the best way to tell the difference between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the laboratory?

A

N. meningitidis = Maltose fermenter

N. gonorrhoeae = Maltose non-fermenter

Both are oxidase + glucose fermenters = AEROBIC

35
Q

What are the major “Coccoid” rods microorganisms

A

Haemophilus influenzae (X + V factors)

Pasteurella - animal bites

Brucella - brucellosis

Bordetella pertussis - Dairy products, animals

36
Q

What microorganism causes the following diseases: Meningitis (adolescents)

Waterhouse - Friderichsen syndrome

A

Neisseria meningitidis

(Vaccine, low prevalence, high mortality)

Gram - Cocci

O2 Req: Aerobic

Major Virulence Factors:

  • Capsule
  • Endotoxin (LPS)
  • IgA protease
37
Q

What organism causes the following symptoms and diseases:

  • ” “ disease causes the following symptoms (Urethritis: burning sensation during urination, Female vaginal discharge, PID, Male: Epididymitis and symptoms start 2-10 days after intercourse)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
  • Neonatal conjunctivitis
  • Septic arthritis
A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Causes Gonorrhea (STD)

(no vaccine, high prevalence, low mortality)

Gram - Cocci

O2 req: Aerobic

Major Virulence factors:

  • Endotoxin (LOS)
  • Fimbriae
  • IgA protease
38
Q

Name the microorganisms that make up the Enteric bacilli category of Gram - Bacteria

A
  • Escherichia coli
  • Salmonella sp
  • Shigella sp
  • Vibrio cholerae
  • Campylobacter jejuni
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Bacteroides sp.
39
Q

Name the microorganism that causes the following disease:

  • Enterocolitis
  • Dysentery (Bloody diarrhea)
A

Shigella sp.

Gram - Bacilli

Enteric bacilli

O2 Req: Facultative

Major virulence factor:

  • Enterotoxin
  • Endotoxin
40
Q

Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases:

  • watery diarrhea
A

Vibrio cholerae (comma shaped)

Causes Cholera = watery diarrhea

Gram - Bacilli

Enteric bacilli

O2 Req: Facultative

Major Virulence Factors:

  • Cholera toxin
  • Enterotoxin
  • Endotoxin
41
Q

Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases:

  • UTI
  • Dysentery
  • Traveler’s diarrhea
  • Neonatal meningitis (#2)
  • Septic shock
A

Escherichia coli

Gram - bacilli

Enteric bacilli

O2 Req: Facultative

Major virulence factors:

  • Heat-labile toxin
  • Enterotoxin
  • Endotoxin
42
Q

Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases:

  • Enterocolitis (Trans: animals, eggs, poultry, pets)
  • Typhoid fever (Septicemia -> Osteomyelitis; often in patients with sickle cell anemia)
A

Salmonella sp

Flagella

Gram - bacilli

Enteric bacilli

O2 Req: Facultative

Major Virulence Factors:

  • Endotoxin
43
Q

Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases:

  • Enterocolitis (children)
A

Campylobacter jejuni (comma shaped)

Gram - bacilli

Enteric bacilli

O2 Req: Facultative

Major Virulence Factors:

  • Enterotoxin
  • Endotoxin
44
Q

Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases:

  • Gastritis
  • Peptic ulcers
  • Gastric carcinoma (association)
A

Helicobactor pylori

Gram - bacilli

Enteric bacilli

O2 Req: Facultative

Major Virulence Factor:

  • Endotoxin
45
Q

Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases:

  • Pneumonia (cystic fibrosis)
  • Sepsis (burn infection)

- External otitis (swimmer’s ear)

  • UTI
  • Diabetic osteomyelitis

PSEUDO

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

(produces a blue-green pigment in culture)

Gram - Bacilli

Enteric Bacilli

O2 Req: Aerobic

Major Virulence Factors:

  • Exotoxin A
  • Endotoxin
46
Q

Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases:

  • Pneumonia (assoc. w/chronic respiratory disease, alcoholism, or diabetes)
  • UTI (nosocomial)
A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Gram - bacilli

Enteric Bacilli

O2 Req: Facultative

Major Virulence Factor:

  • Capsule
  • Endotoxin
47
Q

Name the following microorganism that causes the following disease:

  • Abscess
  • Periodontitis (associated)
A

Bacteroides sp

(ex. B. fragilis)

Gram - bacilli

Enteric bacilli

O2 Req: Anaerobic

Major Virulence Factors:

  • Endotoxin
  • Fimbriae
48
Q

What are the main Gram - respiratory bacilli associated with respiratory tract infections

A
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Haemophilus aegypis
  • Legionella pneumophila
  • Bordetella pertussis
49
Q

What are the main Gram - Zoonotic bacilli that are transmitted by animals?

A
  • Brucella sp.
  • Francisella tularensis
  • Yersinia pestis
  • Pasteurella multocida
50
Q

Name the following microorganism that has the following diseases:

  • Whooping cough
A

Bordetella pertussis

Causes Pertussis (Whooping cough)

Gram - bacilli

Respiratory bacilli

O2 Req: Aerobic

Major Virulence Factors:

  • Pertussis toxin
  • Tracheal cytotoxin
  • Endotoxin
51
Q

Name the following microorganism that is associated with the following diseases:

  • Epiglottitis
  • Meningitis (Children)
  • Otitis media
  • Pneumonia

EMOP

A

Haemophilus influenzae

Gram - Bacilli

Respiratory Bacilli

O2 Req: Facultative

Major Virulence Factors:

  • Capsule
  • Endotoxin
  • IgA protease
52
Q

Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following disease symptoms:

  • Pneumonia and fever
  • Transmission: environmental water sources (Air conditioning)
  • Patients tend to be older, smokers, and alcoholics
A

Legionella pneumophilia

Causes Legionnaire’s disease

Silver stain > gram stain

Gram - Bacilli

Respiratory Bacilli

O2 Req: Facultative

Major Virulence Factors:

  • Endotoxin
53
Q

Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases:

  • Acute conjuntivitis (pink eye)
    (transmission: hand to hand contact)
  • Brazilian purpuric fever
A

Haemophilus aegyptius

(Koch-Weeks bacillus)

Gram - Bacilli

Respiratory Bacilli

O2 Req: Facultative

Major Virulence Factors:

  • Endotoxin (LOS)
54
Q

Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases:

  • undulant fever

(Transmission: dairy products; contact with animals - Goats, sheep, pigs, cattle)

A

Brucella sp

Causes Brucellosis (Undulant fever)

Gram - Bacilli

Zoonotic bacilli

O2 Req: Facultative

Major Virulence factors:

  • Endotoxin
55
Q

Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following disease transmission pathways:

  • Transmission: Ticks; contact with wild animals (rabbits, deer)
A

Francisella tularensis

Causes Tularemia

Gram - Bacilli

Zoonotic Bacilli

O2 Req: Facultative

Major Virulence Factor:

  • Endotoxin
56
Q

Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases:

  • Cellulits

(Transmission: animal bites (cats, dogs))

A

Pasteurella multocida

Gram - bacilli

Zoonotic bacilli

O2 req: Facultative

Major virulence factors:

  • Endotoxin
57
Q

Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases:

  • Plague

(Transmission: Fleas, rodents - prairie dogs, rats)

A

Yersinia pestis

Gram - bacilli

Zoonotic bacilli

O2 Req: Facultative

Virulence Factors:

  • Exotoxin
  • Endotoxin
  • F-1, V and W antigens
58
Q

Describe the characteristics of Mycobacteria

and what are the types of mycobacteria organisms

A
  • Characteristics
    • Aerobic, nonmotile bacilli
    • Cell wall constituents
      • Peptidoglycan: Prevents osmotic lysis
      • Mycolic acid : impedes chemical entry; resists phagocytosis. waxy coating
      • Surface proteins: adhesins
      • Periplasm: contains enzymes for nutrient breakdown
    • Stain with ACID FAST STAIN (carbolfuchsin): Red against blue background
  • Types:
    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • Mycobacterium leprae
59
Q

Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases:

  • Tuberculoid type: cell-mediated immune response and granulomas in nerves
  • Lepromatous type: foam cells containing bacteria in skin
A

Mycobacterium leprae

Causes Leprosy

Mycobacteria species

Major Virulence Factors:

  • Lepromin proteins

Characteristics:

  • Reservoir in US: armadillos

Treatment: dapsone, rifampin

60
Q

Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following disease symptoms:

  • Fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis
A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Causes Tuberculosis

  • Symptoms: Fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis
    • 1 deg TB: granulomatous lesions and hilar lymphadenopathy (Ghon complex) in lungs
    • 2 deg TB: Caseous granulomas which may lead to miliary or disseminated infection
  • Major Virulence Factors
    • Cord factor
    • Tuberculoproteins
  • Characteristics:
    • Inhalation of airborne droplets
    • Treatment: rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide
    • PPD skin test elicits type IV Delayed hypersensitivity rxn
      • PPD + = current infection, past exposure, or BCG vaccinated
61
Q

Describe the following other types of bacteria often discussed:

  • Mycoplasma sp
  • Chlamydia sp
  • Rickettsia sp
  • Spirochetes
A
  • Mycoplasma sp: lack a cell wall
  • Chlamydia sp: Obligate intracellular bacteria (cannot make own ATP)
  • Rickettsia sp: Obligate intracellular bacteria (need host CoA and NAD+)
  • Spirochetes: Spiral-shaped
62
Q

Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases:

  • Atypical “walking” pneumonia
A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Wall-less bacteria

Characteristics:

  • Smallest bacterium
  • No cell wall; cell membrane contains cholesterol
63
Q

Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following disease symptoms:

  • First disease symptoms:

(Chronic infections, inclusion conjunctivitis (IC), blindness)

  • Second disease symptoms:

(Urethritis/PID, Neonatal conjunctivitis)

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

Obligate intracellular bacteria

Characteristics:

  • Cannot make its own ATP
  • Cell wall lacks muramic acid
  • Forms cytoplasmic inclusions
  • Most common cause of preventable blindness (can be contracted in a swimming pool)
  • Most common cause of STD’s

Diseases:

  • Trachoma = blindness, Chronic infections, inclusion conjunctivitis (IC)
  • chlamydia (STI) = Urethritis/PID, Neonatal conjunctivitis​
64
Q

Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases:

  • Rocky Mountain spotted fever
A

Rickettsia rickettsii

Obligate intracellular bacteria

Rocky mountain spotted fever

Rash: palms and soles

Characteristics:

  • Need host CoA and NAD+
  • Causes Vasculitis, headache, fever
  • Positive Weil-Felix reaction
  • Transmission: ticks
65
Q

Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases:

Epidemic typhus

A

Rickettsia prowazekii

Epidemic typhus

Rash: central -> peripheral (no palms/soles)

Characteristics:

  • Need host CoA and NAD+
  • Causes Vasculitis, headache, fever
  • Positive Weil-Felix reaction
  • Transmission: Lice
66
Q

Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases:

  • Q fever (pneumonia)
A

Coxiella burnetii

Q fever (pneumonia)

Obligate intracellular bacteria

Characteristics:

  • An atypical rickettsia
  • Need hose CoA and NAD+
  • Negative Weil-Felix rxn
  • Transmission: inhaled aerosols
67
Q

Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases:

Syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

Syphilis

Spirochetes

Disease:

  • 1 deg: Painless chancre (ulcer) at site of local contact
  • 2 deg: Highly infectious maculopapular rash, condylomata lata, mucous patch
  • 3 deg: Gumma (granulomas) often on tongue or palate; neurosyphilis; Argyll-robertson pupil

Characteristics:

  • Visualized by dark-field microscopy
  • Congenital syphilis: CN VII deafness, Hutchinson’s incisors, mulberry molars
  • Treatment: penicillin
68
Q

Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases:

Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burdorferi

Lyme disease

Spirochetes

Disease:

  • Stage 1: Erythema migrans (“bull’s eye” rash)
  • Stage 2: Neuropathies (Bell’s palsy)
  • Stage 3: Arthritis and CNS disease

Characteristics:

  • Visualized using aniline dyes (Wright’s or Giemsa stain) with light microscopy
  • Transmission: Ticks (required deer)
  • Most often occur in CT, NY, PA, NJ
  • Treatment: doxycycline
69
Q

What is the common cause of sepsis?

A

Commonly caused by Staph. aureus, Klebsiella sp. and E. coli

  • Note: Sepsis = infection of the bloodstream by toxin-producing bacteria with common signs of fever, fatigue, nausea, chills, and diarrhea
70
Q

Ludwig’s Angina

A

a rapidly occurring cellulitis involving the submandibular, sublingual and submental fascial spaces, bilaterally. Because it can cause airway obstruction, emergency treatment is critical

NBDE Part 1 (7 decks)

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