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A&P ll Final! > Microbiology Ch.14 > Flashcards

Microbiology Ch.14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of immune system

A

protect the body from pathogens. To do this it must distinguish self from non self

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2
Q

Graft/organ rejection

A

our immune system trying to “protect” us from foreign invasions
* skin graft, kidney transplant, transfusion Disorders in Immunity

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3
Q

Allergen

A

Ag (usually innocuous) that causes an over-reactive immune response

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4
Q

Allergy symptoms can affect

A

airways, sinuses/nasal passages, skin, digestive system. 20% of allergies caused by dried feces of dust mites

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5
Q

Inhalants:

A

airborne environmental allergens such as pollen, house dust, dander, or fungal spores

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6
Q

Ingestants:

A

allergies triggered by drugs, vaccines, or hymenopteran (bee) venom

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7
Q

Contactants:

A

allergies that enter through the skin; many are type IV (delayed) hypersensitivities

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8
Q

Anaphylaxis:

A

severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction occurring shortly after (within seconds to a few minutes) exposure to allergen

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9
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Anaphylaxis

A

Loss of consciousness, Drop in blood pressure, Severe shortness of breath, Skin rash, Lightheadedness, Rapid, weak pulse, Nausea and vomiting

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10
Q

Chemical mediators are released that cause

A

shock due to vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction, bronchial constriction

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11
Q

Localized Anaphylaxis

A
  • Reactions include sneezing, tears, watery (red, itchy) eyes, breathing
    difficulty, rash, hives
  • Symptoms depend on the route of the allergen (inhalation, direct
    contact, etc.)
  • If allergen enters bloodstream it can cause widespread symptoms
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12
Q

Systemic Anaphylaxis

A
  • Results from massive release of mast cell granules in a short time
  • Can lead to anaphylactic shock
  • Damage to various organs
  • Condition may be fatal (usually due to asphyxiation)
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13
Q

Effects on our immune
system

A

Sanitization of water and food, medical advances, vaccines,
increase in personal hygiene

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14
Q

Effect of Breast Feeding on Immunity

A
  • Newborns breast fed exclusively for the first 4 months have a lower
    risk of asthma and eczema
  • Cytokines and growth factors in human milk act on the baby’s gut
    mucosa to induce tolerance to allergens
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15
Q

Human Microbiome Project:

A

600 species of bacteria can be
transferred to infants through breast milk

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16
Q

Immediate Hypersensitivity

A
  • IgE mediated mast cell degranulation
  • Triggered by interaction between allergen & IgE bound to
    mast cell, basophil or eosinophil
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17
Q

Allergic rhinitis (Hayfever)

A

mild allergy to inhaled Ag, resulting in sneezing, runny nose, congestion, nasal irritation

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18
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis

A

occurs if allergen affects the eyes, can result in tears, itching, inflammation in the eye

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19
Q

Allergic asthma

A

reactions are shortness of breath, wheezing, bronchial constriction, smooth muscle contraction surrounding airways

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20
Q

immediate reaction

A

occurs within a few minutes of injection

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21
Q

Late phase reaction

A

occurs 6-8 hours after immediate reaction subsides, involves
spreading of the swollen tissues beyond the site of injection

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22
Q

Epinephrine

A

acts quickly to improve breathing, stimulate the heart, raise dropping blood pressure, reverse hives,
reduce swelling of face, lips, throat

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23
Q

Epi-pen

A

is used in emergencies to treat very serious allergic reactions to insect stings/bites, foods, other
substances

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24
Q

Allergy March

A

individuals experience different Type I Hypersensitivities, from infant into adulthood, in a somewhat “ordered” sequence

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25
Allergy March example
GI tract (food allergy), Eczema (atopic dermatitis), Asthma, Hayfever (seasonal allergy, rhinitis, conjunctivitis)
26
An IgG mediated immune Type 2 hypersensitivity
response to small reactive molecules that become bound to cell surfaces, making the new cell appear as foreign * B cells are stimulated to make IgG antibodies against the new epitope
27
Ag-Ab complex formation
Binding of IgG to the modified cells
28
ABO blood groups
transfuse with compatible blood type or get Type II reaction, blood type determined by oligosaccharide attached to glycolipid on RBC surface
29
Core structure:
lipid ceramide attached to an oligosaccharide of Glucose-Galactose-N-acetyl galactosamine-Galactose-Fructose
30
Group A
A Ag and B Ab
31
Group B
B Ag and the A Ab
32
Group AB
A and B Ags but neither A nor B Ab
33
Group O
no A or B Ags but has both A and B Ab
34
Type O blood
Universal Donor, can donate blood to anybody
35
Type AB+ blood
Universal Recipient, can receive blood from all blood types
36
Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity (type 3)
When Ab combines with its specific Ag, immune complexes are formed
37
Type III hypersensitivity primarily mediated by
IgG and IgM, reaction can take hours, days, or even weeks to develop
38
Type III reactions can occur when
Abs or other proteins derived from non- human animal species given therapeutically Ex. Diabetics injected with bovine or porcine insulin may result in a reaction
39
Local Immune Complex Disease or Arthus Reaction
* immune complexes are formed locally in the tissues (skin), an acute response to second injection of drugs, vaccines; inflamed blood vessels in area of injection * Within a few hours area hot, red, painful
40
Systemic Immune Complex Reaction
* systemic injury occurs when Ag-Ab complexes circulate in blood, settle in vascular tissues of various organs (kidneys, heart, skin, joints * Named for condition in soldiers after repeated injections of horse serum to treat tetanus
41
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Ag-Ab complex deposit mainly in the kidneys, skin, joints
42
Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
While fighting Strept infection, patient makes Ab that reacts against pathogen but also cross-reacts with glomerular Ag, causing Ag-Ab complexes to lodge in glomeruli
43
Drug Induced Serum Sickness
Drugs act as hapten, combine with tissue protein in host, induce immune responses against the drug-host protein complex
44
Farmer’s Lung and Bird fancier’s disease
Pulmonary diseases resulting from inhalation of bacterial spores, (avian) fecal proteins
45
Rheumatoid arthritis
chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the joints
46
T cell mediated (type 4)
Involves interaction of activated T cells releasing cytokines & chemokines, summoning monocytes, macrophages, cytotoxic T cells that result in a local inflammatory response
47
Contact
Occurs after sensitization with simple chemicals (ex. nickel, formaldehyde), plant materials (poison ivy), some cosmetics, soaps
48
Tuberculin
*Occurs due to sensitization of soluble Ags of microorganisms during many infectious diseases Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Leishmania tropica, Mycobacterium leprae
49
Mantoux reaction to test for TB:
a small amount of Ag injected beneath the skin of a person previously exposed to M. tuberculosis
50
T Cells and Their Role in Organ Transplantation
Transplantation or grafting of organs and tissues is a common medical procedure * Although it is life-giving, it is plagued with the natural tendency of lymphocytes to seek out and destroy foreign antigens (Graft Rejection)
51
Autograft
tissue transplanted from one site on an individual’s body to another site
52
Isograft
tissue from identical twin is used
53
Allograft:
exchanges between genetically different individuals belonging to the same species; the most common types of grafts
54
Xenograft
a tissue exchange between individuals of a different species
55
Autoimmunity
individuals actually develop hypersensitivity to themselves
56
systemic
involves several major organs
57
organ specific
involves only one organ or tissue
58
Primary
Immunodeficiencies result from genetic disorder (Congenital immunodeficiency)
59
Secondary
Acquired immunodeficiencies result from infection by immunosuppressive microbes (e.g., HIV)
60
B-cell defects (low levels of B cells and antibodies): (primary)
Agammaglobulinemia (X-linked, non-sex-linked) * Hypogammaglobulinemia * Selective immunoglobulin deficiencies
61
T-cell defects (lack of all classes of T cells): (primary)
Thymic aplasia (DiGeorge syndrome)
62
Combined B-cell and T-cell defects (usually caused by lack or abnormality of lymphoid stem cell) (primary)
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease * Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
63
Complement defects (primary)
Lacking one of C components * Hereditary angioedema associated with rheumatoid diseases
64
Secondary immune deficiencies Natural cause
infections (AIDS) or cancers * Nutrition deficiencies * Stress * Pregnancy * Aging
65
Secondary immune deficiencies immunosuppressive agents
* Irradiation * Severe burns * Steroids * Immunosuppressive drugs * Removal of spleen
66
Molecular mimicry:
Microbial Ag with molecular determinants similar to human cells can induce the formation of autoantibodies
67
Gut Microbiome:
altered microbiomes (use of antibiotics, less exposure to being outdoors, bad diet) increase in autoimmunity
68
Graves’ disease
Attachment of autoantibodies to receptors on thyroxin-secreting follicle cells of the thyroid gland * Abnormal stimulation of these cells causes over- production of the thyroid hormone and the symptoms of hyperthyroidism
69
Type I diabetes
Molecular mimicry has been implicated in the sensitization of cytotoxic T cells to attack and lyse insulin-producing cells * Reduced amount of insulin underlies the symptoms of this disease

A&P ll Final! (4 decks)

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