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A&P ll Final! > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Structures that make up the urinary system

A

Two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra

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2
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A
  1. Excretion 2. Regulation of blood volume and pressure 3. Regulation of blood solute concentration 4. Regulation of extracellular fluid pH 5. Regulation of red blood cells synthesis 6. Regulation of vitamin D synthesis
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3
Q

Location of kidney

A

between 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebra and Surrounded by adipose tissue for insulation

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4
Q

The Nephron

A

is the functional unit of
the kidney. Each kidney has over one million nephrons. It produces filtrate from blood plasma.

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5
Q

The nephron includes

A

renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.

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6
Q

podocytes

A

cells that wrap around the glomerular capillaries

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7
Q

afferent arteriole

A

supplies blood to the glomerulus for filtration

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8
Q

efferent arteriole

A

transports the filtered blood away from the glomerulus.

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9
Q

Filtrate

A

the fluid filtered from the
glomerular capillaries. Enters the
lumen inside the Bowman capsule.

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10
Q

Proximal Convoluted tubule

A
  • where filtrate passes first
  • Drains Bowman’s capsule
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11
Q

Loop of Henle

A
  • contains descending and ascending loops
  • water and solutes pass through thin walls by diffusion
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12
Q

Distal Convoluted tubule

A

structure between Loop of Henle and collecting duct

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13
Q

Collecting duct

A
  • empties into calyces
  • carry fluid from cortex through medulla
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14
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

specialized smooth muscle cells located where the afferent arteriole enters the renal corpuscle

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15
Q

Macula densa

A

part of the distal convoluted tubule that lies between the afferent and efferent arterioles next to the renal corpuscle.

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16
Q

Ureters

A

small tubes that carry urine from
renal pelvis of kidney to bladder (transitional epithelium)

17
Q

Urinary bladder

A

in pelvic cavity, stores urine, can hold a few ml to a maximum of 1000 milliliter. (transitional epithelium)

18
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that exits bladder and carries urine from urinary bladder to outside of body

19
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

smooth muscle that surround the urethra at the junction of the urinary bladder and prevent urine from leaving the bladder

20
Q

External urethral sphincter

A
  • formed of skeletal muscle
    surrounding the urethra near the
    pelvic floor.
  • allows a person to voluntarily start or stop the flow of urine out of the urethra
21
Q

Three processes of urine formation

A

Filtration, Tubular reabsorption, & Secretion

22
Q

Filtration

A

occurs in the renal corpuscle, blood plasma leave glomerulus and enters Bowman space

23
Q

Tubular Reasborption

A

involves removing substances from the filtrate and placing them back into the blood

24
Q

Secretion

A

involves taking substances from the blood at a nephron area other than the renal corpuscle and putting back into the nephron tubule

25
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

the primary site for reabsorption
of solutes and water

26
Q

Loop of henle

A

concentrates filtrate

27
Q

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

A

Reabsorb water and solutes, but is controlled by hormones

28
Q

Countercurrent mechanism

A

fluids in separate structures flow in opposite directions. As they
pass by each other, materials can be exchanged between them

29
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

of the kidneys release the enzyme renin when blood pressure is low

30
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A
  1. secreted by the posterior
    pituitary gland when the solute
    concentration of the blood or
    interstitial fluid increases
  2. ADH acts on the collecting ducts of the
    kidneys, causing them to absorb more
    water (decrease urine volume)
  3. Result is to maintain a normal blood
    volume and blood pressure
31
Q

Atrial Naturectic Hormone

A
  1. ANH is secreted from cardiac muscle in the right atrium of the heart when blood pressure increases
  2. ANH acts on kidneys to decrease Na+ reabsorption
  3. Sodium ions remain in nephron and enter urine
  4. Increased loss of sodium and water reduce blood volume and blood pressure
32
Q

Aldosterone

A

The juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys release the enzyme renin when blood pressure is low
2. Renin enters the blood and converts angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I
3. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
4. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and raises blood pressure and acts on adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
5. Aldosterone increases rate of water reabsorption in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
6. Volume of water in urine decreases and blood pressure increases

33
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

Includes the fluid cytosol inside all the cells of the body. Two thirds of all the water in the body is in the intracellular compartment.

34
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

Includes all of the fluid outside the cells. includes, interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, and other special fluids, such as joint fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid.

35
Q

Na+ in extracellular fluid

A

sodium ions are the dominant ions in extracellular fluid. About 90 to 95% of the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid results from sodium ions and from the negative ions associated with them
Also secreted in sweat

36
Q

K+ in extracellular fluid
(potassium)

A
  • Electrically excitable tissues, such as muscles and nerves, are highly sensitive to slight changes in the extracellular K+ concentration.
  • Controlled by Aldosterone
37
Q

Ca+ in extracellular fluid
(calcium)

A
  • Increases and decreases in the extracellular concentration of Ca2+ have dramatic effects on the electrical properties of excitable tissues
  • Controlled by PTH and Calcitonin

A&P ll Final! (4 decks)

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