Microbiology - Common Causes of Infection

Question 1

What are the common bacterial causes of infective endocarditis?

Answer 1

• Streptococcus viridans
• Enterococci
• Staphylococcus aureus
• HACEK organisms (Haemophilus, Agregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella)
• “Culture negative endocarditis”

Question 2

What are the common fungal causes of infective endocarditis?

Answer 2

Candida

Question 3

Which viruses frequently cause the common cold?

Answer 3

Rhinovirus, coronavirus, influenza

Question 4

What are the viral and bacterial causes of pharyngitis?

Answer 4

• Rhinovirus
• Adenovirus
• Epstein Barr Virus
• Streptococcus pyogenes
• Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 5

What are the common bacterial and viral caues of otitis media and sinusitis?

Answer 5

• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Streptococcus pyogenes
• Haemophilus influenza
• Rhinovirus
• RSV
• Influenza

Question 6

What are the causes of Croup (laryngothracobronchitis)?

Answer 6

• Parainfluenza
• RSV
• Influenza
• Adenovirus

Question 7

Which virus commonly causes Bronchiolitis?

Answer 7

• RSV

Question 8

Which virus commonly causes Epiglottitis?

Answer 8

• Haemophilus influenza type b

Question 9

What are the viral and bacterial causes of acute bronchitis?

Answer 9

• Rhinovirus
• Coronavirus
• Influenza
• Adenovirus
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Bordetella pertussis

Question 10

Which bacterial agents cause ‘typical’ pneumonia?

Answer 10

• Streptococcus pnuemoniae
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Staphylococcus aureus

Question 11

What are the causes of ‘atypical’ pneumonia?

Answer 11

• Mycoplasma
• Chlamyia
• Legionella
• Pneumocystis

Question 12

What are the common bacterial causes of hospital acquired pneumonia?

Answer 12

• Gram negatives (majority, e.g. Klebsiella, Pseudomonas)
• S. pneumoniae
• S. aureus

Question 13

What are the causes of an aspiration pneumonia?

Answer 13

• Anaerobic bacteria, often a mixed infection

Question 14

What causes a fungal pneumonia (rare)?

Answer 14

• Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 15

Which micro-organisms are able to cause gastrointestinal infection with transmission by:

• Fecal-Oral route
• Water
• Food
• Self

What are the viral causes of GI infection?

Answer 15

• Fecal Oral - Rotavirus, Shigella
• Water - Vibrio cholerae, Giardia lamblia
• Food - Campylobacter, toxins
• Self - Clostridium difficile
• Viral - rotavirus, norovirus

Question 16

Which bacterial pathogens cause gastrointestinal illness by toxin ingestion?

Answer 16

• Staphylococcus aureus
• Bacillus cereus
• Clostridium botulinum

Question 17

Which bacterial pathogens cause gastrointestinal illness by synthesizing toxins within the host?

Answer 17

• Clostridium perfringens
• Bacillus cereus
• E. Coli
• Vibrio cholerae

Question 18

Which bacterial pathogens cause gastrointestinal infection by adhesion and invasion of the GI tract, causing an inflammatory mediated diarrhoea?

Answer 18

• Shigella
• E.Coli
• Salmonella
• Campylobacter

Question 19

What are the protozoal causes of gastro intestinal infection?

Answer 19

• Giardia lamblia and others

Question 20

Which opportunistic bacterial infections commonly occur in a patient with HIV?

Answer 20

• Streptococcus pneumoniae,
• TB
• Atypical mycobacteria
• Salmonella

Question 21

Which opportunistic viral infections commonly occur in a patient with HIV?

Answer 21

• CMV
• HSV
• VZV
• EBV
• JCV
• HHV-8

Question 22

Which opportunistic fungal infections occur in a patient with HIV?

Answer 22

• Candida
• Pneumocystis jirovecii
• Cryptococcus

Question 23

Which opportunistic protozoal infections may occur in a patient with HIV?

Answer 23

• Toxoplasmosis
• Cryptosporidium

Question 24

Which agents commonly cause infection in neutropenic patients?

Answer 24

• Gram negative bacteria,
• Aspergillus

Question 25

Which infections commonly occur in patients who have had a splenectomy?

Answer 25

* *Streptococcus pneumoniae,* * *Haemophilus influenzae*

Question 26

Which organism classically infects burns patients?

Answer 26

* Pseudomonas

Question 27

Which organisms are frequently responsible for community acquired urinary tract infections?

Answer 27

* E. coli * Coagulase negative Staphylococci * Proteus

Question 28

Which pathogens are commonly responsible for hospital acquired urinary tract infection?

Answer 28

* E. Coli * Klebsiella * Pseudomonas * Gm Positives * Candida

Question 29

Which organisms commonly cause catheter associated urinary tracy infection?

Answer 29

* Klebsiella (including extended spectrum beta-lactamases) * Pseudomonas

Question 30

Which organism commonly acquires antibiotic associated diarrhoea in hospital patients

Answer 30

* Clostridium difficile

Question 31

Which organisms commonly affect lines and prosthetic materials?

Answer 31

* *Staphylococcus aureus* (including MRSA) * Coagulase negative Staphylococci

Question 32

Which organisms cause infection control issues in hospital settings?

Answer 32

* VZV * Norovirus * Clostridium difficilie * TB

Question 33

Which bacteria commonly cause meningitis in neonates?

Answer 33

* E. Coli * Group B Streptococcus * Listeria

Question 34

Which bacterial pathogens commonly cause meningitis in children and adolescents

Answer 34

* *S. pneumoniae* * *N. meningitidis* * *H. influenza* * TB (more frequently in children than adolescents)

Question 35

Which bacterial agents commonly cause meningitis in adults?

Answer 35

* S. pneumoniae * Listeria * TB

Question 36

Which viruses are capable of causing meningitis?

Answer 36

* Enteroxiruses (polio, coxsackie, echo) * HSV * VZV * Mumps * HIV

Question 37

What are the fungal causes of meningitis

Answer 37

* Cryptococcus

Question 38

What is the most common viral cause of encephalitis?

Answer 38

* HSV

Question 39

Which bacteria commony causes osteomyelitis?

Answer 39

* *S. aureus*

Question 40

Which bacteria commonly cause a reactive arthritis?

Answer 40

* Campylobacter * Salmonella * Shigella * Chlamydia * Gonococcus

Question 41

Which bacteria are capable of causing a septic arthritis?

Answer 41

* S. aureus * Salmonella * Gonococcus * TB * Borrelia

Question 42

Which bacteria are able to cause skin and soft tissue infection?

Answer 42

* S. aureus * S. pyogenes * Pseudomonas * Acinetobacter

Question 43

Which viruses commonly cause skin and soft tissue infections?

Answer 43

* VZV * HSV * Molluscum contagiosum

Question 44

Which funguses commonly causes skin and soft tissue infection?

Answer 44

* Dermatophytes * Candidia