Microbiology - Concepts Flashcards
(509 cards)
1
Q
Microbes in Our Lives
A
2
Q
Nomenclature
A
3
Q
Types of Organisms
A
4
Q
Classification of Microorganisms
A
5
Q
The First Observations
A
6
Q
The Debate over Spontaneous Generation
A
7
Q
The First Golden Age of Microbiology
A
8
Q
The Second Golden Age of Microbiology
A
9
Q
The Third Golden Age of Microbiology
A
10
Q
Microbes and Human Welfare
A
11
Q
Microbes and Human Disease
A
12
Q
Chemical Principles
A
13
Q
The Structure of Atoms
A
14
Q
Chemical Elements
A
15
Q
Electronic Configurations
A
16
Q
How Atoms Form Molecules: Chemical Bonds
A
17
Q
Ionic Bonds
A
18
Q
Covalent Bonds
A
19
Q
Hydrogen Bonds
A
20
Q
Molecular Mass and Moles
A
21
Q
Chemical Reactions
A
22
Q
Inorganic Compounds
A
23
Q
Water
A
24
Q
Acids, Bases, and Salts
A
25
Acid–Base Balance: The Concept of pH
26
Organic Compounds
27
Structure and Chemistry
28
Carbohydrates
29
Lipids
30
Proteins
31
Nucleic Acids
32
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
33
Units of Measurement
34
Microscopy: The Instruments
35
Light Microscopy
36
Two-Photon Microscopy
37
Super-Resolution Light Microscopy
38
Scanning Acoustic Microscopy
39
Electron Microscopy
40
Scanned-Probe Microscopy
41
Preparing Smears for Staining
42
Simple Stains
43
Differential Stains
44
Special Stains
45
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview
46
The Prokaryotic Cell
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
47
The Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
48
Glycocalyx
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
49
Flagella and Archaella
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
50
Axial Filaments
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
51
Fimbriae and Pili
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
52
Composition and Characteristics of The Cell Wall
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
53
Cell Walls and the Gram Stain Mechanism
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
54
Atypical Cell Walls
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
55
Damage to the Cell Wall
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
56
The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
57
The Movement of Materials across Membranes
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
58
Cytoplasm
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
59
The Nucleoid
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
60
Ribosomes
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
61
Inclusions
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
62
Endospores
## Footnote
The Prokaryotic Cell
63
Flagella and Cilia
## Footnote
The Eukaryotic Cell
64
The Cell Wall and Glycocalyx
## Footnote
The Eukaryotic Cell
65
The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane
## Footnote
The Eukaryotic Cell
66
Cytoplasm
## Footnote
The Eukaryotic Cell
67
Ribosomes
## Footnote
The Eukaryotic Cell
68
Organelles
## Footnote
The Eukaryotic Cell
69
The Evolution of Eukaryotes
70
Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions
71
Enzymes
72
Naming Enzymes
73
Enzyme Components
74
Factors Influencing Enzymatic Activity
75
Feedback Inhibition
76
Ribozymes
77
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
78
The Generation of ATP
79
Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production
80
Carbohydrate Catabolism
81
Glycolysis
82
Additional Pathways to Glycolysis
83
Cellular Respiration
84
Fermentation
85
Lipid and Protein Catabolism
86
Biochemical Tests and Bacterial Identification
87
Photosynthesis
88
The Light-Dependent Reactions: Photophosphorylation
89
The Light-Independent Reactions: The Calvin-Benson Cycle
90
A Summary of Energy Production Mechanisms
91
Metabolic Diversity among Organisms
92
Polysaccharide Biosynthesis
93
Lipid Biosynthesis
94
Amino Acid and Protein Biosynthesis
95
Purine and Pyrimidine Biosynthesis
96
The Integration of Metabolism
97
The Requirements for Growth
98
Physical Requirements
99
Chemical Requirements
100
Biofilms
101
Culture Media
102
Chemically Defined Media
103
Complex Media
104
Anaerobic Growth Media and Methods
105
Special Culture Techniques
106
Selective and Differential Media
107
Enrichment Culture
108
Obtaining Pure Cultures
109
Preserving Bacterial Cultures
110
Bacterial Division
111
Generation Time
112
Logarithmic Representation of Bacterial Populations
113
Phases of Growth
114
Direct Measurement of Microbial Growth
115
Estimating Bacterial Numbers by Indirect Methods
116
The Terminology of Microbial Control
117
The Rate of Microbial Death
118
Alteration of Membrane Permeability
119
Damage to Proteins and Nucleic Acids
120
Heat
121
Filtration
122
Low Temperatures
123
High Pressure
124
Desiccation
125
Osmotic Pressure
126
Radiation
127
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control
128
Principles of Effective Disinfection
129
Evaluating a Disinfectant
130
Types of Disinfectants
131
Microbial Characteristics and Microbial Control
132
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material
133
Genotype and Phenotype
134
DNA and Chromosomes
135
The Flow of Genetic Information
136
DNA Replication
137
RNA and Protein Synthesis
138
The Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression
139
Pre-transcriptional Control
140
Post-transcriptional Control
141
Changes in Genetic Material
142
Mutation
143
Types of Mutations
144
Mutagens
145
The Frequency of Mutation
146
Identifying Mutants
147
Identifying Chemical Carcinogens
148
Genetic Transfer and Recombination
149
Plasmids and Transposons
150
Transformation in Bacteria
151
Conjugation in Bacteria
152
Transduction in Bacteria
153
Genes and Evolution
154
Introduction to Biotechnology
155
Recombinant DNA Technology
156
An Overview of Recombinant DNA Procedures
157
Selection
158
Mutation
159
Restriction Enzymes
160
Vectors
161
Polymerase Chain Reaction
162
Inserting Foreign DNA into Cells
163
Obtaining DNA
164
Selecting a Clone
165
Making a Gene Product
166
Applications of DNA Technology
167
Therapeutic Applications
168
Genome Projects
169
Scientific Applications
170
Agricultural Applications
171
Safety Issues and the Ethics of Using DNA
Technology
172
Classification of Organisms
173
The Study of Phylogenetic Relationships
174
The Three Domains
175
A Phylogenetic Tree
176
Scientific Nomenclature
177
The Taxonomic Hierarchy
178
Classification of Prokaryotes
179
Classification of Eukaryotes
180
Classification of Viruses
181
Methods of Classifying and Identifying Microorganisms
182
The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea
183
The Prokaryotes: The Prokaryotic Groups
184
Domain Bacteria
185
The Proteobacteria
186
The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria
187
The Gram-Positive Bacteria
188
Domain Archaea
189
Microbial Diversity
190
The Eukaryotes: Fungi
191
Characteristics of Fungi
192
Medically Important Fungi
193
Fungal Diseases
194
Economic Effects of Fungi
195
Lichens
196
Algae
197
Characteristics of Algae
198
Selected Phyla of Algae
199
Roles of Algae in Nature
200
Protozoa
201
Characteristics of Protozoa
202
Medically Important Protozoa
203
Slime Molds
204
Helminths
205
Characteristics of Helminths
206
Platyhelminths
207
Nematodes
208
Arthropods as Vectors
209
General Characteristics of Viruses
210
Host Range
211
Viral Size
212
Viral Structure
213
Nucleic Acid (Viruses)
214
Capsid and Envelope
215
General Morphology of Viruses
216
Taxonomy of Viruses
217
Isolation, Cultivation, and Identification of Viruses
218
Growing Bacteriophages in the Laboratory
219
Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory
220
Viral Identification
221
Viral Multiplication
222
Multiplication of Bacteriophages
223
Multiplication of Animal Viruses
224
Viruses and Cancer
225
The Transformation of Normal Cells into Tumor Cells
226
DNA Oncogenic Viruses
227
RNA Oncogenic Viruses
228
Viruses to Treat Cancer
229
Latent Viral Infections
230
Persistent Viral Infections
231
Plant Viruses and Viroids
232
Prions
233
Introduction to Principles of Disease and Epidemiology
234
Pathology, Infection, and Disease
235
Human Microbiome
236
Relationships between the Normal Microbiota and the Host
237
Opportunistic Microorganisms
238
Cooperation among Microorganisms
239
Koch’s Postulates
240
Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates
241
Classifying Infectious Diseases
242
Occurrence of a Disease
243
Severity or Duration of a Disease
244
Extent of Host Involvement
245
Patterns of Disease: Predisposing Factors
246
Development of Disease
247
Reservoirs of Infection
248
Transmission of Disease
249
Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)
250
Microorganisms in the Hospital
251
Compromised Host
252
Chain of Transmission
253
Control of Healthcare-Associated Infections
254
Emerging Infectious Diseases
255
Epidemiology
256
Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
257
How Microorganisms Enter a Host
258
Portals of Entry
259
The Preferred Portal of Entry
260
Numbers of Invading Microbes
261
Adherence
262
Capsules
263
Cell Wall Components
264
Enzymes
265
Antigenic Variation
266
Penetration into the Host
267
Biofilms (How Bacterial Pathogens Penetrate Host Defenses)
268
Using the Host’s Nutrients: Siderophores
## Footnote
How Bacterial Pathogens Damage Host Cells
269
Direct Damage
## Footnote
How Bacterial Pathogens Damage Host Cells
270
The Production of Toxins
## Footnote
How Bacterial Pathogens Damage Host Cells
271
Plasmids, Lysogeny, and Pathogenicity
## Footnote
How Bacterial Pathogens Damage Host Cells
272
Pathogenic Properties of Viruses
273
Pathogenic Properties of Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Algae
274
Portals of Exit
275
Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host - Introduction
276
The Concept of Immunity
277
First Line of Defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes
278
Physical Factors of Immunity
279
Chemical Factors of Immunity
280
Normal Microbiota and Innate Immunity
281
Second Line of Defense
282
Formed Elements in Blood
283
The Lymphatic System
284
Phagocytes
285
Actions of Phagocytic Cells
286
The Mechanism of Phagocytosis
287
Inflammation
288
Vasodilation and Increased Permeability of Blood Vessels
289
Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis
290
Tissue Repair
291
Fever
292
Antimicrobial Substances: The Complement System
293
Antimicrobial Substances: Interferons
294
Antimicrobial Substances: Iron-Binding Proteins
295
Antimicrobial Substances: Antimicrobial Peptides
296
Antimicrobial Substances: Other Factors
297
The Adaptive Immune System
298
Dual Nature of the Adaptive Immune System
299
Cytokines: Chemical Messengers of Immune Cells
300
Antigens
301
Humoral Immunity: Antibodies
302
Humoral Immunity Response Process
303
Activation and Clonal Expansion of Antibody-Producing Cells
304
Results of the Antigen–Antibody Interaction
305
Cellular Immunity Response Process
306
Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
307
Classes of T Cells
308
Nonspecific Cells and Extracellular Killing by the Adaptive Immune System
309
Immunological Memory
310
Types of Adaptive Immunity
311
Vaccines
312
Principles and Effects of Vaccination
313
Types of Vaccines and Their Characteristics
314
Vaccine Production, Delivery Methods, and Formulations
315
Diagnostic Immunology
316
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies
317
Precipitation Reactions
318
Agglutination Reactions
319
Neutralization Reactions
320
Complement-Fixation Reactions
321
Fluorescent-Antibody Techniques
322
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
323
Western Blotting (Immunoblotting)
324
The Future of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Immunology
325
Disorders Associated with the Immune System
326
Hypersensitivity
327
Allergies and the Microbiome
328
Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions
329
Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions
330
Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions
331
Type IV (Delayed Cell-Mediated) Reactions
332
Autoimmune Diseases
333
Reactions Related to Transplantation
334
The Immune System and Cancer
335
Immunotherapy for Cancer
336
Immunodeficiencies
337
The Origin of AIDS
338
HIV Infection
339
Diagnostic Methods
340
HIV Transmission
341
AIDS Worldwide
342
Preventing and Treating AIDS
343
Antimicrobial Drugs
344
The History of Chemotherapy
345
The Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity
346
The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs
347
Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
348
Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
349
Injury to Membranes
350
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
351
Competitive Inhibition of Essential Metabolites
352
Antifungal Drugs
353
Antiviral Drugs
354
Antiprotozoan and Antihelminthic Drugs
355
Tests to Guide Chemotherapy
356
The Diffusion Methods
357
Broth Dilution Tests
358
Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs
359
Antibiotic Safety
360
Effects of Combinations of Drugs
361
Future of Chemotherapeutic Agents
362
Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes: Introduction
363
Structure and Function of the Skin
364
Normal Microbiota of the Skin
365
Microbial Diseases of the Skin
366
Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
367
Viral Diseases of the Skin
368
Fungal Diseases of the Skin and Nails
369
Parasitic Infestation of the Skin
370
Inflammation of the Eye Membranes: Conjunctivitis
371
Bacterial Diseases of the Eye
372
Other Infectious Diseases of the Eye
373
Structure and Function of the Nervous System
374
Bacterial Meningitis
375
Tetanus
376
Botulism
377
Leprosy
378
Poliomyelitis
379
Rabies
380
Arboviral Encephalitis
381
Fungal Disease of the Nervous System: Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis (Cryptococcosis)
382
Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System: Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System
383
Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System: Amebic Meningoencephalitis
384
Nervous System Diseases Caused by Prions
385
Nervous System Diseases Caused by Unidentified Agents
386
Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
387
Sepsis and Septic Shock
388
Bacterial Infections of the Heart
389
Rheumatic Fever
390
Tularemia
391
Brucellosis (Undulant Fever)
392
Anthrax
393
Gangrene
394
Systemic Diseases Caused by Bites and Scratches
395
Vector-Transmitted Diseases
396
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
397
Infectious Mononucleosis
398
Other Diseases and Epstein-Barr Virus
399
Cytomegalovirus Infections
400
Chikungunya Fever
401
Classic Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
402
Emerging Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
403
Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
404
Toxoplasmosis
405
Malaria
406
Leishmaniasis
407
Babesiosis
408
Schistosomiasis
409
Kawasaki Syndrome
410
Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System: Introduction
411
Structure and Function of the Respiratory System
412
Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory System
413
Microbial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System
414
Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat)
415
Scarlet Fever
416
Diphtheria
417
Otitis Media
418
Viral Disease of the Upper Respiratory System: The Common Cold
419
Microbial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System
420
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
421
Tuberculosis
422
Bacterial Pneumonias
423
Melioidosis
424
Viral Pneumonia
425
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
426
Influenza (Flu)
427
Fungal Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System
428
Histoplasmosis
429
Coccidioidomycosis
430
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
431
Blastomycosis (North American Blastomycosis)
432
Other Fungi Involved in Respiratory Disease
433
Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System: Introduction
434
Structure and Function of the Digestive System
435
Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System
436
Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
437
Periodontal Disease
438
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
439
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning (Staphylococcal Enterotoxicosis)
440
Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)
441
Salmonellosis (Salmonella Gastroenteritis)
442
Typhoid Fever
443
Cholera
444
Noncholera Vibrios
445
Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis
446
Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis)
447
Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease
448
Yersinia Gastroenteritis
449
Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis
450
Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea
451
Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis
452
Mumps
453
Hepatitis
454
Viral Gastroenteritis
455
Fungal Diseases of the Digestive System
456
Giardiasis
457
Cryptosporidiosis
458
Cyclosporiasis
459
Amebic Dysentery (Amebiasis)
460
Tapeworms
461
Hydatid Disease
462
Nematodes
463
Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems: Introduction
464
Structure and Function of the Urinary System
465
Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
466
Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems
467
Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System
468
Cystitis
469
Pyelonephritis
470
Leptospirosis
471
Diseases of the Reproductive Systems
472
Gonorrhea
473
Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)
474
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
475
Syphilis
476
Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
477
Chancroid (Soft Chancre)
478
Bacterial Vaginosis
479
Genital Herpes
480
Genital Warts
481
AIDS
482
Candidiasis
483
Trichomoniasis
484
Microbial Diversity and Habitats
485
Symbiosis
486
Soil Microbiology and Biogeochemical Cycles
487
The Carbon Cycle
488
The Nitrogen Cycle
489
The Sulfur Cycle
490
Organisms that live without Sunshine
491
The Phosphorus Cycle
492
The Degradation of Synthetic Chemicals in Soil and Water
493
Aquatic Microorganisms
494
The Role of Microorganisms in Water Quality
495
Water Treatment
496
Sewage (Wastewater) Treatment
497
Food Microbiology
498
Foods and Disease
499
Industrial Food Canning
500
Aseptic Packaging
501
Radiation and Industrial Food Preservation
502
High-Pressure Food Preservation
503
The Role of Microorganisms in Food Production
504
Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
505
Fermentation Technology
506
Industrial Products
507
Alternative Energy Sources Using Microorganisms
508
Biofuels
509
Industrial Microbiology and the Future
