Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
term that is the specialized area of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
A
microbiology
2
Q
what are the major groups of microorganisms
A
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, prions, helminths
3
Q
what do microbiologists study
A
cell structure and function
growth and physiology
genetics
taxonomy and evolutionary history
interactions with living and nonliving environment
4
Q
term for accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments
A
evolution
5
Q
what is not technically a microorganism
A
helminth
6
Q
term that reproduces rapidly in large populations that can be gown in the lab and you cannot see them
A
microbes
7
Q
kind of microbiology that deals with microbes that cause disease in humans and animals
A
medical microbiology
8
Q
6 branches of microbiology
A
medical
public health and epidemiology
immunology
industrial
agricultural
environmental
9
Q
kind of microbiology that monitors and controls the spread of diseases in communities
A
public health and epidemiology
10
Q
kind of microbiology that asks how your immune system is working and how does it fight infection off
A
immunology
11
Q
kind of microbiology that safeguards our food and water (beer, drugs, enzymes, and vitamins)
A
industrial
12
Q
kind of microbiology that has relationship between microbes and domestic plants and animals
A
agricultural
13
Q
kind of microbiology that is the effect of microbes on the earth’s diverse habitat
A
environmental
14
Q
impact of microbes on the earth
A
shaped habitats
pathway for eukaryotes
15
Q
cells that contain nucleus
A
eukaryotes
16
Q
what type of cell are bacteria and archaea
A
prokaryotes
17
Q
cells that have no nucleus
A
prokaryotes
18
Q
what theory is an observable phenomenon testable by science
A
theory of evolution
19
Q
what type of microorganism are bacteria algae
A
photosynthetic
20
Q
photosynthetic microorganism account for more than ___% of earth’s photosynthesis
A
70
21
Q
term for breakdown of dead matter and wastes
A
decomposition
22
Q
what accomplishes decomposition
A
bacteria and fungi
23
Q
term for agent such as virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoa, or helminth that can cause disease
A
pathogen
24
Q
what kind of of diseases are CAUSED by microbes
A
infectious and communicable
25
what kind of diseases are NOT CAUSED by microbes
noninfectious and noncommunicable
26
term that is able to spread to others
communicable
27
small double membrane bound structures that perform specific functions
lack organelles
28
which cells are 10x smaller than usual
bacterial and archaea
29
6 types of microorganisms
helminth
fungus
bacterium
virus
prion
protozoan
30
where do microorganisms live
habitats
31
what do microorganisms derive from
food
factors from nonliving environment
32
parasites are harbored and nourished BY
the host
33
parasites cause damage and disease IN
the host
34
term for "act of god"
spontaneous generation
35
who had the first observations of microbes in 1600s
Robert Hooke
36
who made up the term cell
Robert Hooke
37
who made a crude microscope to examine threads in fabric
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
38
who made drawings of animalcules in rainwater and scraped from his teeth
Antonie van Leewenhoek
39
when was the discovery of restriction enzymes
1970s
40
when was the invention of PCR technique
1980s
41
what is the technique that amplifies DNA and learn entire genomes
PCR
42
when did the importance of small RNAs become increased
2000s
43
when was genetic identification of human microbiomes discovered
2010s and beyond
44
what reasoning uses general principles to explain specific observations
deductive
45
what reasoning has processes of discovering general principles by careful examination of specific species
inductive
46
what reasoning makes observations through experimentation
inductive
47
what leads to the discovery process of creation of general principle
inductive reasoning
48
who found microbes in dust and air that have a high heat resistance
John Tyndall
49
who discovered and described bacterial endospores
Ferdinand Cohn
50
term for completely free of all life forms
sterile
51
ways to sterilize
heat
light
drying out resistance
52
who went after John Tyndall
Ferdinand Cohn
53
who used ascetic techniques
Koch
Holmes
Semmelweis
Lister
54
who linked specific organisms with a specific disease
Robert Koch
55
who observed mothers who gave birth at home experienced few infections than mothers who gave birth in hospitals
Wendall Holmes
56
who showed that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations by physicians who had come from working in the autopsy rooms without washing techniques
Ignaz Semmelweis
57
who was the first to utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antiseptic chemicals
Joseph Lister
58
what technique became the foundation for modern microbial control still in use today
aseptic
59
who showed human diseases could arise from infection
Pasteur
60
who established a series of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease
Robert Koch
61
term for assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and individual organisms
nomenculture
62
what is the coin of our realm
words
63
what is the combination of genus name and species name
binomial system
64
what name can be abbreviated
genus name
65
most general level of classification
domain
66
most specific level of classification
species
67
levels of classification starting at domain ending with species
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
68
who created taxonomy in 1700s
Carl von Linne
69
term for science of classifying biological species
taxonomy
70
5 kingdoms recognized
plants
animals
protista
monera
fungi
71
term for all tangible material that occupy space and have mass
matter
72
term for particles that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances without losing its properties
atoms
73
what is positively charged and found in nucleus
protons
74
what is negatively charged and surrounded by the nucleus
electrons
75
what is not charged and found in nucleus
neutrons
76
term for an atom with characteristic atomic structure and predictable chemical behavior
element
77
term that has variant forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons
isotopes
78
term that have unstable nuclei that spontaneously release energy in the form of radiation
radioactive isotopes
79
which isotopes are used in research and medical applications
radioactive isotopes
80
chemical substance that results from combination of two or more atoms
molecule
81
molecule composed of two or more different elements
compound
82
sharing of electrons
covalent
83
which are the strongest bonds
covalent bonds
84
formed between two atoms that have different electronegativity
polar molecule
85
formed when atoms have similar electronegativity
non polar molecule
86
formed when electrons are TRANSFERRED completely from one atom to another and are NOT shared
ionic bonds
87
which are the weakest bonds
hydrogen bonds
88
what bonds are formed due to ATTRACTIVE forces between nearby atoms or molecules
hydrogen bonds
89
what force is weak attractions between molecules that show polar
van der Waals force
90
why can bugs walk sideways or upside down on glass and mirrors
van der Waals force
91
which element is the fundamental element of life
carbon
92
what element is the ideal atomic building block to form a backbone of organic molecules
carbon
93
what does shape dictate
function
94
term for molecular groups or accessory molecules that bind to organic compounds
functional groups
95
term for scientific field that explores that compounds of life
biochemistry
96
4 main families of biochemicals
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
97
saccharides are
sugar
98
how many carbons are in hexose
6
99
how many carbons are in pentose
5
100
common classes of carbohydrates
glucose
fructose
galactose
101
term for carbons on adjacent sugar units bonded to the same oxygen atom like links in a chain
glycosidic bond
102
which class of carbohydrates are hydrophobic
lipids
103
which class of carbohydrate is not soluble in polar solvents
lipids
104
which class of carbohydrates are considered "shapers of life"
proteins
105
what are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids
106
what class of carbohydrates determine structure, behavior, and unique qualities of organisms
protein
107
term for molecule assembled from smaller subunits or building blocks
macromolecules
108
term for monomers that are bound into varying lengths called polymers
polymerization
109
what are repeating subunits
monomers
110
what has long fibrous polymers and helps holds plants together
cellulose
111
what is a polymer in glucosamine
peptidoglycan
112
what is a complex of lipid and polysaccharide found in the membrane of gram negative bacteria responsible for symptoms of fever and shock
lipopolysaccharide
113
what is the protective shield with a hard or slimy layer composed of polysaccharides bound in various ways to proteins
glycocalax
114
type of fat where all carbons are present in maximum amount of hydrogens possible, making chains straight and packed tight
saturated fats
115
type of fat missing 1+ hydrogens due to double bonds which causes a bend in one of the chains
unsaturated
116
what contains only two fatty acids attached to glycerol, where the tail is extremely hydrophobic
phospholipids
117
basic structure of amino acids includes
alpha carbon
amino grou
carboxyl atom
hydrogen atom
R group
118
what imparts unique characteristics to the amino acid
R group
119
term for molecule composed of short chains of amino acids
peptide
120
term that has more than 20 amino acids and is 3D shaped
polypeptide
121
examples of quaternary protein structure
hemoglobin in RBC that carry oxygen
122
term for catalyst for chemical reactions in cells
enzymes
123
term for complex glycoproteins with specific attachment regions for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms
antibodies
124
collection of proteins
glycoproteins
125
term for functional 3D form of protein
native state
126
term for disruption of the native state of a protein through heat, acid, alcohol, or some disinfectants
denature
127
term that disrupts the stabilization of interchain bonds that make the protein nonfunctional
denature
128
which is the best way to reverse
heat
129
term that contains special codes genetic program with detailed and specific instructions for organisms heredity
DNA
130
term for helper molecules responsible for translating and carrying out instructions of DNA
RNA
131
what is a singular copy of a gene
RNA
132
nucleic acid structure parts
nitrogen base
pentose sugar
phosphate
133
copy of a gene
mRNA
134
carrier that transports correct amino acids
tRNA
135
reads the order of amino acids and links them together
rRNA
136
fundamental unit of life
cell
137
what are the techniques called to manipulate, grow, and examine microorganisms
5 i
138
5 Is
inoculation
incubation
isolation
inspection
identification
139
what has a growth medium
inoculation
140
what uses proper growth conditions
incubation
141
what is used to separate species
isolation
142
term for proportion of microorganism with various media
culture
143
term for nutrient containing environment in which microbes can multiply
medium
144
what are the control atmospheric gasses
oxygen and CO2
145
what must be provided with all of their required nutrients in an artificial medium
microbes
146
media is classified in what three properties
physical state
chemical composition
function type
147
key word in class
road rash
148
what type of media extracts chemical compositions
synthetic
149
how to tell if an agar is synthetic
specific elements within the agar
150
how to tell if an agar is complex
vague ingredients
151
in what media can only certain bacteria grow in
selective
152
what are enzymes that lyse red blood cells to release iron-rich hemoglobin
hemolysins
153
types of hemolysin
beta
alpha
gamma
154
which hemolysin completes lysis of red blood cells
beta
155
which hemolysin has incomplete lysis of red blood cells
alpha
156
which hemolysin experiences no hemolysis
gamma
157
which method shows a pattern used to inoculate to gradually thin out the sample and separate the cells in order to encourage the growth of discrete colonies
streak plate method
158
which method uses a sample that is diluted serially into cooled but still liquid agar tubes ; additionally uses broth
pour plate method
159
what happens if you don't dilute the correct amount in a pour plate
end up with too much or too little bacteria
160
term for living free of other living things except for the one being studied
anexic
161
second level culture from well-isolated colony
subculture
162
microbial profits are determined through combining what 5 tests
phenotypic
genotypic
immunologic
macroscopic
microscopic
163
what testing finds what biochemical reaction is present
phenotypic
164
what testing isolates DNA and figures out what sequence is presence
genotypic
165
what testing looks at gram positive and gram negative
microscopic
166
what microbial staining dye has a positive charge and is attracted to acidic negatively charged components on bacterial cell walls
basic
167
what microbial staining dye has a negative charge and is repelled by acidic negatively charged components on bacterial cell walls
acidic
168
which stain is positively charged and sticks to cell walls to give it color
positive
169
which stain is negatively charged and produces black background around cells
negative
170
scientist that studies influence of microbes in the formation of caves is called
geomicrobiologist
171
which type of organism is noncellular
virus
172
number one worldwide infectious diseases are
respiratory diseases
173
disease causing microorganisms are called
pathogens
174
someone who studies the immune response to an infection caused by microorganisms
immunologist
175
Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish
specific microbe is the cause of disease
176
discoveries that had huge impact of understanding of microbiology
small RNAs
restriction enzymes
PCR technique
human microbiome project
177
what bonds result from attractive forces between molecules with polar covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds
178
reversible reaction
AB + XY <--> AY + XB
179
what molecule has an UNEQUAL charge distribution
polar molecules
180
one nucleotide contains
1 phosphate
1 pentose sugar
1 nitrogen base
181
the correct microbiological term for the sample that is put into a nutrient medium to produce a culture is an
inoculum
182
term for purposeful addition of microorganisms into a laboratory nutrient medium is
inoculation
183
simple staining colors cells what colors
blue or pink
184
which method often results in colonies developing down throughout the agar along with some colonies on the surface
pour plate
185
which isolation technique is most effective for the majority of applications and is most commonly used for colony isolation in the lab
streak plate
