Microbiology Exam 2 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
what are bacterial cells capable of
A
carrying out all necessary life activities
2
Q
what are the necessary life activities that bacterial cells are capable of
A
reproduction, metabolism, and nutrient processing
3
Q
what can bacteria also act as a group
A
colonies and biofilms
4
Q
three general shapes of bacteria are
A
coccus, bacillus, and vibrio
5
Q
what shape are coccus bacteria
A
spheres, oval, bean shaped
6
Q
what shape are bacillus bacteria
A
cylinder, filamentous, and club shaped
7
Q
what shape are vibrio bacteria
A
curved
8
Q
what shape are paleomorphism bacteria
A
variations of shapes and sizes
9
Q
what are mycoplasmas
A
display extreme variations in shapes
10
Q
why do mycoplasmas display extreme variations in shapes
A
due to lack of cell walls
11
Q
group of cocci that are in pairs
A
diplococci
12
Q
group of cocci that are in groups of four
A
tetrads
13
Q
what group of cocci show irregular clusters
A
staphylococci
14
Q
what group of cocci show chains of few hundreds cells
A
streptococci
15
Q
what is occasionally found in short chains
A
spirilla
16
Q
what rarely remains attached after cell division
A
spirochetes
17
Q
what are the two major groups of appendages
A
flagella and pili
18
Q
what do flagella provide
A
stability
19
Q
what does pili provide
A
attachment points of channels
20
Q
what flagellar arrangement has flagella attached at one or both ends of cells
A
polar
21
Q
what flagellar arrangement has a single flagellum
A
monotrichous
22
Q
what flagellar arrangement has small bunches or tufts
A
lophtrichous
23
Q
what flagellar arrangement as flagella at both poles of the cell
A
amphitrichous
24
Q
what flagellar arrangement has flagella dispersed randomly all over surface of the cell
A
peritrichous
25
what is the movement in response to chemical signals
chemotaxis
26
what is positive chemotaxis
movement of the cell in a favorable direction
27
what is negative chemotaxis
movement of the cell away from a repellant
28
what is phototaxis
movement towards light
29
what is it called when cell swims in a smooth linear direction towards stimulus
run
30
what is it called flagellum reverses the direction causing the cell to stop and change course
tumble
31
small bristle like fibers sprouting off the surface of certain species of bacteria
fimbriae
32
pili is used for
conjugation
33
what is conjugation
partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another
34
how is production of pili controlled
genetically
35
what surface coating has thousands of copies of a single protein linked together
s layer
36
what surface coating provides protection from environmental conditions
s layer
37
what surface coating is only produced in hostile environments
s layer
38
what surface coating has repeating polysaccharides that may or may not include protein
glycocalyx
39
what surface coating from loose around the cell and protects from water loss and nutrients
slime layer
40
what surface coating is bound more tightly to a cell than the slime layer
capsule
41
what surface coating is denser and thicker than slime layer
capsule
42
what is the cell envelope composed of
cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, outer membrane
43
a gram positive stain shows
thick walls composed of peptidoglycan and inner cytoplasmic membrane
44
a gram negative stain shows
outer membrane, thin cell wall, and inner cytoplasmic membrane
45
characteristics of cell wall
help determine shape of bacteria and provides strong structural support
46
where is peptidoglycan found typically
cell walls of bacteria
47
what provides a strong but flexible framework
peptidoglycan
48
functions of teichoic and lipoteichoic acid
cell wall maintenance, enlargement during cell division, and acidic charge
49
what contributes to pathogenicity of organisms that has long fatty acid chain
mycolic acid
50
what is acid fast stain used for
diagnose tuberculosis and leprosy
51
what naturally lacks a cell wall
mycoplasmas
52
what does a gram negative outer membrane contain
specialized polysaccharides and proteins
53
what are endospores
bacterial spore that can withstand hostile conditions
54
two phase life cycle includes
vegetative cell and endospore
55
what is sporulation
spore formation induced by environmental conditions
56
what can endospores resist
heating, drying, freezing, radiation, chemicals
57
aerobic
use oxygen in metabolism
58
anaerobic
do not use oxygen in metabolism
59
facultative
may or may not use oxygen
60
always unicellular
protozoa
61
may be unicellular or multicellular
fungi and algae
62
always multicellular
helminths
63
glucose based, all sugar
chitin
64
chain of cells that grow along and increase in length by adding new cells
hyphae
65
community acquired
general population affected
66
hospital associated
long term care affected
67
opportunistic
people who have compromised immune systems or disrupted microbiota affected
68
colony of filamentous fungi known as mycelium
morphology
69
fungal spores are not the same as
bacterial spores
70
what are fungal spores used for
sexual and nonsexual reproduction and will germinate
71
asexual spore formation types
sporangiospores, condiospores, zygosporangium
72
formed within sporangium and looks like lollipop
sporangiospores
73
free spores formed by pinching off of hyphae repeatedly and looks like brush
condiospores
74
specialized hyphae from different mycelium will fuse and form specialized spore forming structures
zygosporangium
75
what type of cell are protozoa
single cell organism
76
what is the shape of protozoa
shape changes
77
how do protozoa reproduce
miotic divisions
78
conjugation
two cells with slight difference
79
varying in degrees of organ and organ system development
helminths
80
two major boy types
flatworms and roundworms
81
helminth that has within both male and female organs, pass sperm, and fertilize eggs
dioecious
82
helminth that has distinct male or female with no self fertilization
monoecious
83
who hypothesized that rabies is caused by something smaller than bacteria
Pasteur
84
who proposed the term "virus"
Pasteur
85
how are viruses classified
host range and disease caused
86
viruses name is based on (4)
shape, genome, source, origin
87
general structure of viruses
size range, viral components
88
what are the 3 viral components
capsid, nucleic acid, envelope
89
what are viral capsids composed of
polypeptide protein repeating units
90
what is a polypeptide protein repeating units called
capsomere
91
two forms of capsids
helical and icosahedral
92
what type of virus will "bud" out of the host cell tearing a part of the plasma membrane to become an envelope
enveloped viruses
93
where are nucleic acids found
core of a virus
94
what is a complete blueprint on how to make a new virion
genome
95
what polymerase reads
RNA
96
what polymerase MAKES
DNA
97
5 multiplication cycles in animal viruses
adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly release
98
attach
adsorption
99
get in
penetration
100
release genome
uncoating
101
make more
synthesis
102
get out
assembly release
103
viral spikes must be able to interact with receptors on the host cell
host range
104
host cell is penetrated by the whole virus or viral genome
penetration and uncoating
105
replication and protein production
synthesis
106
protein capsids self assemble as viral capsomeres are completed
assembly
107
mechanisms are dependent on virus being naked or enveloped
release
108
virus induced damage to host cell or host tissue
cytopathic effect
109
fusion of neighboring cells into one large multinucleated mass (RSV)
syncytia
110
changing of host cell genome due to insertion of a provirus
transformation
111
virus connected with cancer
oncovirus
112
takes viral RNA and turns it into double stranded viral DNA and then inserts itself in the nucleus
retrovirus
113
double stranded DNA viruses with at least phage
bacteriophages
114
get in get out quick
lytic
115
get in and hide awhile
lysogenic
116
primary purposes of viral cultivation
1. isolate and identify clinical specimens
2. vaccine preparation
3. detailed research
117
techniques in cultivating and identifying animal viruses
1. live animal inoculation
2. bird embryos
3. tissue culture
118
nothing more than proteins, get exposed to your blood, brain, and neurons
prions
119
Pacific Islanders who have been cannibals historically
kuru
