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Microbiology > Microbiology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the first microscopes?

A

Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

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2
Q

Who had the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

Francesco Redi

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3
Q

Origin of microorganisms

A

John Tyndall

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4
Q

Medical microbiology

A

Robert Koch

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5
Q

Light microscope range

A

10^-6

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6
Q

Electron microscope range

A

To 10^-8

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7
Q

Atomic force microscopy

A

To 10^-9

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8
Q

X-ray crystallography range

A

10^-10

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9
Q

Types of differential stains

A

Gram stain, acid-fast stain, spore stain

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10
Q

Bacillus is what shape?

A

Rod

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11
Q

Coccus is what shape?

A

Sphere

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12
Q

Spirochetes is what shape?

A

Corkscrew

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13
Q

Vibrio is what shape?

A

Curved rod

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14
Q

What’s in a prokaryote?

A

70s ribosomes
DNA nucleoid
Cellular envelope

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15
Q

What is the cellular envelope

A

The bag that holds everything together.

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16
Q

What’s the cellular envelope made of?

A

At least 1 membrane
Cell wall with peptidoglycans
Other structures

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17
Q

Describe the gram negative cell envelope

A

Two membranes
Periplasm
Thin Peptidoglycan layer
Porins

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18
Q

Bacterial membranes have what linkages?

A

Ester

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19
Q

What are hopanoids?

A

Cholesterol like substances that bring stability to the cell membrane.

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20
Q

What are the parts of the lipopolysaccharide?

A

O polysaccharide (o-antigen)
Distinctive strain identifier
Core polysaccharide
Lipid A

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21
Q

Characteristics of a cell wall

A

Rigid, prevents lysis
Porous
Anti microbial target

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22
Q

Where does a lysosomes attack?

A

Between NAM and NAG

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23
Q

Describe mycobacteria cell wall

A

Very greesy. Hard to stain well with gram stain

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24
Q

What is a gyrase and topisomerases?

A

Enzymes to supercoil the nucleoid

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25
Q

What is a tylkoid membrane

A

Helps with photosynthesis

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26
Q

What are storage granules

A

Store phosphate and sulfur for aspiring anaerobically

27
Q

Archaea have what membrane structures?

A

L glycerol
Ether linkages
Branched lipids (more stable then saturated and unsaturated molecules)

28
Q

Describe archaea cell walls

A

Pseudo peptidoglycan

NAG and NAT

29
Q

Describe Archaea DNA

A

Positive supercoil done by reverse DNA gyrase

30
Q

What is selective media

A

Life or death media. Has some selective factor that keeps some microbes from growing.

31
Q

Macconkey agar selects for

A

Gram negative
E. coli turn red
Salmonella is a non fermenter and is colorless

32
Q

Energy source classifications

A

Phototroph- light (anabaena)

Chemotroph- chemical (most microbes)

33
Q

Carbon Sources

A

Autotroph- inorganic CO2 (anabaena)

Heterotrophs- organic compounds

34
Q

Electron source

A

Lithotroph- inorganics (water) anabaena

Organotrophs- organics (food) salmonella

35
Q

Salmonella doubling time

A

30 minutes

36
Q

Lag phase

A

Lack of cell division

37
Q

Log phase

A

Constant growth
Metabolites
Sporulatio of gram positive in late phase

38
Q

Stationary phase

A

Growth and death rate equal

Secondary metabolites

39
Q

Death phase

A

Death rate surpasses growth

Some survival due to evolution

40
Q

Benefits of sporulation

A

Resistant to heat, dedication, UV resistance, drying resistance, oxygen resistant
Awakens with environmental cues

41
Q

Temperature classification

A

Mesophile- 15-45 C
Psychrophiles- ~15 C
Thermophiles- 55-70 C
Hyperthermophiles- 80 C

42
Q

Salt classification

A

Halophiles- 3%+ NaCl

Extreme Halophiles- 10-20% NaCl

43
Q

pH classification

A

Acidophiles- pH <5
Alkaliphiles- pH 9+
Neutrophiles- pH 5-8

44
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen dependent

Most ATP

45
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Oxygen dependent

Final product NO2 and other inorganics

46
Q

Fermentation

A

Oxygen independent
No electron transport chain
Final product is organics and co2

47
Q

Detoxification requires what

A

Superoxide dismutase to consume superoxide radical

Catalase to consume peroxide

48
Q

Strict aerobe

A

Has sod and catalase

Requires O2

49
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

Has sod and catalase
Grows better with O2
Can respire aerobic ally and ferment

50
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobe

A

Sod and catalase
Doesn’t care about o2
Only ferments

51
Q

Microaerophile

A

Little sod and catalase

Respires aerobically

52
Q

Strict anaerobe

A

No sod or catalase

Respites anaerobically or ferments

53
Q

What types of microbes are susceptible to vancomycin?

A

Gram positive, cant go through porins on the gram negative microbes

54
Q

crystal violet is selective for which microbes?

A

gram positive

55
Q

To determine the difference between Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella typhimurium what kinds of stains could use?

A

gram stain and a spore stain

56
Q

Flagella are used for what?

A

motility, chemotaxis

57
Q

Pili are used for what?

A

conjunction, adherence, motility

58
Q

Thylakoid membranes are used for what?

A

photosynthesis

59
Q

Storage granules are used for what?

A

small membrane bound organelle that stores substances

60
Q

Plasmids are used for what?

A

circular DNA molecule

61
Q

T4 bacteriophage has what type of life-cycle

A

slow-release life cycle

62
Q

protein synthesis inhibitors target what? and in which way? (Zyvox, Tetracyclines)

A

70S ribosomes targeted through reversible and competitive inhabitation

63
Q

Cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors target what and in which way? (beta-lactams, bactericidal, Vancomycin)

A

inversible competitive inhibition, hitting the cell wall.

Microbiology (4 decks)

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