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Microbiology > Microbiology Exam 4 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an example of class1-

A

dsDNA virus, smallpox, herpes

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2
Q

What is an example of class 2-

A

ssDNA virus, canine parvovirus, phages

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3
Q

What is an example of class 4-

A

+ssRNA virus, polio, West nile

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4
Q

What is an example of class5-

A

-ssRNA virus, influenza, measles

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5
Q

What is an example of class 6-

A

retrovirus, HIV

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6
Q

What is an example of a class 7-

A

pararetrovirus, hepatitis B

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7
Q

Viruses want to construct what nucleotide structure?

A

+mRNA to (+/-)DNA

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8
Q

How does double stranded DNA make (+/-)DNA in the host?

A

Uses its own or host DNA polymerase for replication to +mRNA and then to (+/-)DNA

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9
Q

How does single stranded DNA make (+/-)DNA in the host?

A

Requires DNA polymerase to generate a complementary strand to double stranded DNA to +mRNA to (+/-)DNA.

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10
Q

What is an example of class 3-

A

dsRNA virus rotavirus

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11
Q

What are the two large divisions of immune system

A

innate immunity, acquired/adaptive immunity

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12
Q

describe innate immunity

A

immediate
physical barriers
pattern recognition limited
responds to damage and/or infection

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13
Q

describe acquired immunity

A 
high level of precision for recognition 
   includes killer cells 
Two division 
   individual 
   cooperative
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14
Q

what are the physical barriers

A 
skin
mucosal membranes
physical barriers 
   cilia, eyelashes 
   mechanical stomach action
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15
Q

lysosome does what?

A

breaks bond between NAG and NAM

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16
Q

What are some antimicrobal substances in the body

A 
secretions in sweat
lysosome 
digestive enzymes 
pH variation 
iron bonding components 
defensins
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17
Q

What are some biological barriers

A

competing commensal microbal flora
granulocyte cells
inflammation

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18
Q

Where are blood cells differentiated?

A

bone marrow and thymus

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19
Q

What are neutrophils

A

most prevalent WBC
engulf many types of material
kill microbes
involved in inflammation

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20
Q

What are basophils

A

granules contain histamine and mediators

involved in allergic response to parasites

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21
Q

What are Eosinophils

A

inflammation cels to fight parasites

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22
Q

Name the monuclear phagocytes

A

Monocytes- circulating
Macrophages- resident
dendritic cells - resident

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23
Q

Name the lymphocytes

A

B cells- make antibody
T cells- kill infected cells
NK cells- kill cells with antibody stuck to them

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24
Q

What cells detect ‘danger’?

A

toll-like receptors

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25
What are the signals for toll-like receptors
``` LPS peptidoglycan Bacterial DNA Flagellin Viral nucleic acid forms ```
26
cytokines are
chemical communication | ligation of receptors
27
What are the signals to dictate response by monocytes
``` release cytokines alter blood vessels allowing cells n recruit cells to site of infection activate cells at site invoke systemic response (fever) ```
28
How is the classical complement system activated
initiated by bound antibody
29
How does acute inflammation alter nearby capillaries
cytokines mediators rolling WBC stop, gain more signals and squeeze through moving towards source of infection
30
Describe the 7 steps of acute inflammation WBC control
recoginition by resident WBC; cytokines released, promoting inflammation damage to host cells release bradykinin capillary walls become sticky, tethering WBC WBCs move out of capillaries by extravasation Fluid moves out of capillaries Formation a viscous pus Fight at local site of infection
31
Signs that acute inflammation has occurred (5)
``` redness Heat Swelling Pain Loss of function (joint) ```
32
With AIDS which cell is the one that becomes infected?
helper T cells
33
What makes the helper T cell different from the cytotoxic T cell?
the CD8 glycoprotein on the cytotoxic T cell
34
Name the important features of the Fc section of an antibody
heavy chains
35
Name the important features of the F(ab)2 region of an antibody
Antigen binding sites light chains heavy chains di-sulfide bonds holding the chains
36
What is an antibody variable region
it targets the antigens
37
What is an antibody constant region
information that tells the system what to do
38
What are the general protecting functions of antibodies
``` neutralize by blocking function opsonize agglutinate initiate classical complement pathway target antigen-bearing cells for NK cell lysis ```
39
IgM
in blood, forms pentamers, fixes complement
40
IgG
most prevalent in blood, does many things, crosses placenta
41
IgA
in secretions as dimer, binds and neutralizes pathogens
42
IgE
on mast cell surface for allergic response to parasites
43
IgD
dont know
44
What is the basis of immune adaption
increased frequency to a specific antigen | increased diversity among those antigen-binding lymphocytes
45
Difference between before exposure and after exposure to a specific antigen
low frequency of antigen-binding lymphocytes all immature non-effector lymphocytes high frequency of activated effector lymphocytes diversity among these antigen-binding lymphocytes some memory lymphocytes in reserve for future
46
Protection after primary response needs
14 days, requires cell movement level of plasma antigen-specific antibody increased
47
protection after secondary response needs
re-exposure to antigen less than a week plasma antibody specific antigen increase 1000x
48
T cells only recognize antigen where?
on cells
49
MHC Class 1 are where?
all nucleated cells
50
MHC Class 2 are where
also on WBC's
51
Cytotoxic T cells with CD8 recognize what class of MHC
Class 1
52
T-helper cells with CD4 recognize what class of MHC
Class 2
53
describe the 3 steps for stimulating naive T cells
TCR binds to MHC with specific peptide CD28 on T cell binds CD80/86 on APC cytokines including IL-2 lead to mitosis and differentiation favoring either Th1, Th2, or Tc
54
describe the 3 steps for stimulating naive B cells
bind specific antigen with cell surface IgM CD40 on B cell binds CD154 on Th2 B cell receptors bind cytokines (interleukins IL-5 or IL-6)
55
describe the current vaccination protocols
Want maximal protective immunity at the earliest possible age Want long-lasting protective immunity Want high participation rates (for herd immunity)
56
4 types of vaccines
``` Live, attenuated vaccine Inactivated virus Toxoids lack function keep epitopes Subunit vaccines portion of infectious microbe, cannot replicate ```
57
serology
use of serum and antibody to assess patient’s immunity to a specific antigen
58
what is the primary receptor for HIV
CD4
59
describe the HIV lifecycle
``` HIV binds CD4 then CCR5 Fusion, uncoating ssRNA→ss-cDNA →ds-cDNA Integration (latency) Transcription, protein production Assembly then budding ```
60
Untreated AIDS patients lack what cells
CD4 T helper cells
61
AIDS patients often die from what
opportunistic infection thrush tuberculosis toxoplasma gondii
62
What type of genetic material do all viruses use at one point in time
+mRNA
63
What are the steps in an animal virus life cycle
adherence virus internalized in several ways genome uncoating
64
what are the 2 types of virus internalization
Membrane fusion | Endocytosis
65
Internalization of measles (4steps)
Receptor binding Membrane fusion (enveloped) Viral proteins in cell membrane Nucleic acid in cytoplasm
66
Internalization of hepatitis (6 steps)
``` receptor binding (enveloped) Cell wall membrane around enveloped virus Internalized to cytoplasm Acidification and fusion Release of capsid that degrades Release of ssRNA ```
67
Internalization of adenovirus (6 steps)
``` Receptor binding (naked) Cell wraps membrane around virus Moved to cytoplasm inside endosome Transport to nucleus without release Fusion with nuclear membrane Release of DNA directly into nucleus ```
68
After uncoating many viruses do what?
begin to produce viral proteins and replicate viral nucleic acids within the host cells dsDNA virus +ssRNA virus
69
After uncoating retroviruses do what?
retroviruses incorporate their nucleic acids into the host cell chromosome for latency, beginning replication later
70
describe influenza
Negative ssRNA virus Segmented Enveloped
71
How does influenza work
Hemagglutinin viral protein binds epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract first, infects, then spreads to the lower respiratory tract cells, compromising the lungs
72
describe the replication of influenza
Inside the epithelial cell, endocytosis uncoats the viral ssRNA segments +RNA strand segments produced by viral polymerase are then translated to make viral proteins -RNA strand segments are also made New viral particles are assembled within capsid on the inner leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane Budding of enveloped virions; neuraminidase
73
Antigenic drift does what?
annual variation due to point mutations of H and/or N genes
74
Antigenic shift does what?
causes pandemics, due to reassortment of segments in co-infected hosts
75
vaccination for flu does waht
induces antibody that binds hemagglutinin, blocking viral attachment
76
how does Tamiflu work?
block neuraminidase activity, slowing virion release from infected cells

Microbiology (4 decks)

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