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Fall 2023 > Microbiology (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Microbiology (Exam 2) Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Essential Nutrient

A

Any substance that must be provided to an organism

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2
Q

Macronutrinets

A

Nutrients that are required in large quantities and play a major role in structure & Metabolism

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3
Q

Micronutrients

A

Nutrients present in smaller amounts that are required for enzyme function and protein structure

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4
Q

Inorganic Nutrients

A

Nutrients that do not contain a combination of carbon and hydrogen.

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5
Q

Organic nutrients

A

Nutrients that contain hydrogen and carbon

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6
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that must obtain all of it’s carbon in an organic form

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7
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that uses inorganic CO2 as carbon source.

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8
Q

Phototroph

A

Microbes that photosynthesize

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9
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

Organism that derives its energy and carbon from organic molecule

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10
Q

Chemoorganic autotrophs

A

Microbes that use organic compounds for energy and inorganic –compounds– as a –carbon source–.

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11
Q

Lithoautotrophs

A

Microbes that totally rely on inorganic minerals and require neither sunlight or organic nutrients.

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12
Q

Saprobes

A

Free living organisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organism

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13
Q

Parasites

A

Derive nutrients from cells or tissue of living host.

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14
Q

Types of parasites

A

ectoparasites- live on the body
endoparasites- live in organs and tissues
intracellular parasites- live within cells
Obligate parasites- unable to grow without host

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15
Q

Diffusion

A

The phenomenon of molecular movement in which atoms or molecules move in a gradient from an area of high density to area of low density.

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane.

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17
Q

Passive DIffusion (Simple and Facilitated)

A
  1. Movement based on concentration gradient
  2. Can use channels or proteins to aid in the movemement.
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18
Q

Active Diffusion

A
  1. Driven by ATP or proton motive force
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19
Q

Endocytosis

A

The cell encloses substance into membrane then engulfs substances

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20
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Accomplished by amoebas and white blood cell ingestion of WHOLE CELLS or LARGE SOLID MATTER.

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21
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Ingestions of liquids such as oils or molecules

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22
Q

Cardinal Temperatures

A

The range of temperatures for the growth of a given microbial species.

Minimum Temperature: The lowest temperature that permits microbes growth and metabolism

Maximum Temperature: The highest temperature at which growth and metabolism can occur.

Optimum Temperature: an intermediate that promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism.

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23
Q

Superoxide dismutase

A

Enzyme that converts a superoxide ion into hydrogen peroxide. Which can then be converted into water.

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24
Q

Aerobes

A

Microbes that use gaseous oxygen in metabolsim.

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25
Microaerophiles
Harmed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen, but need a small amount in metabolsim.
26
Facultative Anaerobes
Do not require O2 for metabolism, but they can use it when it is present.
27
Anaerobes
Lack the metabolic enzyme system that use oxygen in respiration
28
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Don't use oxygen, but can survive and grow to limited extent in its presence.
29
Capnophiles
Organisms that grow best at higher CO2
30
Acidophile
organisms that thrive in acidic enviornment
31
Alkalinophiles
Organisms that thrive in alkaline conditions
32
Osmophiles
Organisms live in habitat with high solute concentration ex. Halophiles who prefer high concentrations of salt
33
Symbiosis
General term used to denote a situation in which two organisms live together in a close partnership
34
Mututalism
Organisms live in mutually beneficial relationship
35
Commensalism
One symbiont gets benefits and the other is not harmed or benefited.
36
Parasitism
A relationship in which the host provides microbes with nutrients and habitat, and the host suffers.
37
Antagonism
The association between free-living species that arises when members of community compete.
38
Synergism
A interrelational between two organism that benefits them, but it is not required for survival.
39
Generation/Doubling Time
The time required for a cell to complete fission cycle from parent cell to two daughter cells
40
Generation
increases the population by a factor of two.
41
Growth curve
a predictable pattern of a bacterial population growth in a closed system can be measured by
41
Equation for population size N_t=(N)2^n
N_t is the total number of cells in the population. N is the starting number of cells. 2^n is the number of cells in the generation. exponent n denotes the generation number.
42
Phases of a normal growth curve.
Lag phase: the flat period of growth Exponential phase: the period of growth where cells growth occurs rapidly Stationary Phase: the cell birth and death rate get equal death phase: cells begin to die at an exponential rate
43
Methods used to count cells
Coulter counter: electronically scans fluid as it passes through a pipette Flow cytometry: similar to flow cytometry, but can measure cell size and differentiate between live and dead cells
44
Metabolsim
Pertains to all chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell
45
Anabolism
Process that results in synthesis of cell molecules and structures
46
Catabolism
Breaking down of larger molecules into smaller one
47
Enzymes
Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction and do not get consumed by reaction
48
Holoenzyme
A combination of protein and one or more cofactor
49
Apoenzyme
Protein portion of the holoenzyme
50
Cofactors
either organic molecules called coenzymes or inorganic elements
51
Coenzymes
type of cofactor that is organic works in conjunction with apoenzyme
52
Competitive Inhibition
The inhibitor inhibits enzymes activity by binding to the active site.
53
Noncompetitive inhibition
Enzymes have two binding sites: the active site and regulatory site. The inhibitor binds to the regulatory site and causes a conformational change.
54
Three types of metabolic pathways
1. Linear 2. Cyclic 3. Branched (Divergent or Convergent)
55
Endergonic vs. Exergonic reaction
Endergonic: energy is required to start the reaction Exergonic: energy is released from the reaction
56
Oxidation & Reduction Reactions
Oxidation is the loss of electrons and Reduction is the gain of electrons
57
Oxidoreductases
Enzymes that remove electrons from one substrate and add them to another
58
Aerobic Vs Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration uses reactions that convert glucose to CO2 Anaerobic respiration uses NO3-, SO2-, and CO3- as electron acceptors
59
Glycolysis
Glucose -> 2 pyruvate
60
Overall yield of glucose
total: 4 ATP, 2 NADH2, Yield: 2 ATPs and 2 NADHs
61
Kreb's Cycle
Acetyl Coa -> NAD+ & FADH2
62
Net yield of Kreb's Cycle
1 ATP, 3 NADHs, 1 FADH, and 2 CO2... Total Yield: 2 ATP, 6 NADHs, and 2 FADHs
63
Main components of ETC
1. NADH Dehydrogenase 2. Flavoproteins 3. Coenzyme Q 4. Cytochromes
63
Electron Transport Chain
Uses reduced electron carriers to transport H+ ions outside of membrane which generates electrons that are accepted by oxygen. 3 ATP/NADH and 2 ATP/ FADH
64
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The coupling of ATP synthesis and ETC
65
Amphibolism
The ability of a system to integrate and catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency
66

Fall 2023 (4 decks)

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