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Biology > Microbiology, Immunology, Immunity, Human Coordination, and Response > Flashcards

Microbiology, Immunology, Immunity, Human Coordination, and Response Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Enables humans to react to their surroundings and coordinate their response.

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3
Q

What is the CNS?

A

central nervous system

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4
Q

What is the CNS comprised of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What are receptors?

A

Groups of specialised cells which detect changes in the environment.

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6
Q

What is a neurone?

A

A collection of nerve cells that transmit an impulse.

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7
Q

Function of cell body

A

Where the nucleus and cytoplasm are located.

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8
Q

Function of axon

A

Very long extension - carries impulses to effector

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9
Q

Function of dendrons

A

Connect to other neurones, cell body/dendrons

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10
Q

Function of Myelin sheath

A

Insulates the axon

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11
Q

Sensory Neurones

A

Carry impulses from receptor organs to the relay neurones in CNS

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12
Q

Relay Neurones

A

Carry impulses from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone in the CNS

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13
Q

Motor Neurones

A

Take impulses from the relay neurone in the CNS to the effector.

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14
Q

What is an involuntary reflex action?

A

One that does not use the CNS

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15
Q

What is an voluntary reflex action?

A

One that uses the CNS

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16
Q

Describe the sequence of events in a reflex action

A

A receptor detects a stimulus.

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17
Q

A sensory neurone carries an electrical nerve impulse from the receptor to the spine in the CNS. A chemical neurotransmitter is released which diffuses across the synapse between the sensory neurone and relay neurone. An electrical nerve impulse passes along the relay neurone to the motor neurone. When the electrical nerve impulse reaches the synapse between the relay neurone and motor neurone chemical neurotransmitters are released.This triggers an electrical nerve impulse in the motor neurone which is transmitted to the effector. The effector then causes the body to react.

A
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18
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Transparent to let light through and helps support the front of the eye.

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19
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent surface, refraction occurs to focus light on the retina. Carries out most of the refraction for focusing on distant objects.

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20
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in centre of iris through which light enters the eye.

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21
Q

Iris

A

Made up of circular and radial muscles, controls the amount of light entering the eye.

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22
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

Contract to change the shape of the lens and helps focus light on retina.

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23
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

Slacken or become taught changing the shape of the lens.

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24
Q

Lens

A
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Sclera
Tough white protective tissue that covers the eye.
26
Optic nerve
Carries electrical impulses from receptors along sensory neurones to the brain.
27
Blind spot
Where the optic nerve attaches to the retina, there are no light receptor cells here
28
What is the vitreous humour?
A gel-like substance in the eye.
29
What is the function of the vitreous humour?
Maintains the shape of the eyeball.
30
How does the vitreous humour affect the eye's shape?
It ensures that the distance from the front to the back of the eye does not change.
31
Fovia
where most cone cells are found on the retina
32
Rods
Detect monochromatic light
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Cones
There are three types - red, green & blue
34
What type of receptor cells in the retina respond to different wavelengths of light?
Cones
35
What do rods in the retina allow us to see?
Black and white
36
What do cones in the retina allow us to see?
Color
37
Why is the retina dark?
To absorb as much light as possible
38
What happens to the pupils in the light?
Circular muscles contract Radial muscles relax Pupil constricts
39
What happens to the pupils in the dark?
Circular muscles relax Radial muscles contract Pupil dilates
40
What happens when focusing on near objects?
Ciliary muscles contract Suspensory ligaments slacken Lens becomes fatter More refraction
41
What happens when focusing on distant objects?
Ciliary muscles relax Suspensory ligaments become taught Lens becomes thinner Less refraction
42
Short sighted
Myopia
43
Long sighted
Hyperopia
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Accommodation
The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects.
45
What is a pathogen?
Something that causes disease
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What are the two main types of pathogen?
bacteria and virus
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How do bacteria cause disease?
Release toxins in the body
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How do viruses cause disease?
Infect cell by breaking it down.
49
What do platlets do?
Stick to damaged area of the body to help the blood clot.
50
What is coagulation?
formation of a blood clot
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What does fibrin do?
Form a mesh which traps red blood cells helping blood to clot.
52
Red blood cells characteristics
NO Nucleus Contain haemoglobin Disk shape Smaller than white blood cells
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White blood cell characteristics
Fight diseaseHave a nucleusLobed nucleus Phagocytes & lymphocytes Bigger than red blood cells
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What is an antigen?
A cell surface protein that stimulates an immune response.
55
Difference between phagocytes and lymphocytes
Phagocytes engulf pathogens where as lymphocytes make it easier for phagocytes to do their job.
56
Describe the process of phagocytosis
1. A phagocyte moves toward the pathogen and binds to it. 2. The phagocyte pushes a sleeve of cytoplasm out to surround the bacterium. These are called pseudopodia. 3. The phagocyte engulfs the pathogen engulfing it inside a vacuole. 4. Digestive enzymes are released into the vacuole containing the pathogen breaking it down and killing it.
57
How do antibodies destroy pathogens
1. Cause enzymes to split open pathogen's cell membrane - destroys antigen 2. Mark pathogens - make it easier for phagocytes 3. Make pathogens stick together.
58
What do memory cells do?
Copies of specific lymphocyte remain in the body.
59
What does immune mean?
Not being able to catch a certain disease because you have antibodies in your blood to fight it.
60
State four ways you can become immune to a disease
-Natural passive (maternal) -Natural active (infection) -Artificial passive (antibody transfer) -Artificial passive (Immunization)
61
Homeostasis
Maintaining a constant internal environment
62
What does thermoregulation mean?
Keeping the body temperature constant (in safe limits)
63
What is the normal core human body temperature?
37.5 C
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Which part of the brain controls temperature of the body?
Hypathalmus
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What is hyperthermia?
high body temperature
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What is hypothermia?
low body temperature
67
What mechanisms does our body have to prevent it getting to hot?
Sweat released Hair goes down Vasodilation of blood vessels
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What mechanisms does our body have to prevent it getting to cold?
Hairs stand on end Shivering Vasoconstriction of blood vessels
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Sweating
Water evaporates due to heat from skin
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Hairs lie flat to skin
Air will flow past and not warm the body
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Vasodilation of blood vessels
Radiates heat out of blood vessels
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Shivering
Contracting muscles causes respiration which releases heat
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Hairs stand on end
More air trapped - more insulation
74
Vasocontraction
Less heat released from blood vessels
75
Hormones produces by pituitary gland
ADH
76
GH
77
Hormones produces by Thyroid gland
Thyroxine
78
Hormones produces by the pancreas
insulin and glucagon
79
Hormones produces by the adrenal gland
Adrenalin
80
Hormones produces by ovary
Oestrogen and progesterone
81
Hormones produces by testes
testosterone
82
Oesterogen effect
Development of female secondary sexual characteristics
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Insulin effect
Causes excess glucose to be converted into glycogen
84
ADH effect
Causes kidney collecting duct to reabsorb more water
85
Progesterone effect
Regulates the menstrual cycle and maintains the thickness of uterus lining
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Adrenaline effect
Increases heart rate and breathing rate and causes glucose to be released from liver and muscles
87
Testosterone effect
Development of male secondary characteristics.
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What are hormones?
Chemical messengers secreted by glands and are usually transported to their target organs by the blood stream.

Biology (4 decks)

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