Microbiology (Joe) Flashcards

Question

IgM Antibody

Answer 1

Pentameter - 10 binding sitesLargest and heaviestFirst to increase (first exposure) largest m = muscle

Answer 2

Made by macrophages activates lymphocytes

Answer 3

Made by CD4 = T cell = QB of immune system

Answer 4

Made by bone marrow

Answer 5

self vs non-selfgraft and organ rejection **T-cells recognize MHC I** B-cells recognize MHC I and II

Answer 6

*"STOIC" =* **S** (scalded skin syndrome), **T** (toxic shock), **O** **(OSTEOMYELITIS\*),** **I (impetigo\***→ **honey crusted lesion around mouth)**, **C** (carbuncles: many infected hair follicles/furuncles *"a carload of furuncles")* * ****MRSA:** methicillin-resistant staph aureus * organism seen in **athletic locker rooms** * **Vancomyosin =** only effective antibiotic

Answer 7

*group A, beta-hemolytic strep* **"SERGIS"** = **S** (strep throat), **E** (erysipelas), **\*R (rheumatic fever),** **G** (glomerulonephritis), **I** (impetigo - #2 cause), **S** (scarlet fever = *strawberry tongue*) * **Rheumatic Fever:** * mnemonic*: "Can Sammy Suck Ethyl's Polyp's?"* * **C = carditis** * **MacCallum Patch in posterior left atrium** * **S = Syndenham's Chorea\*** * **strep-related chorea affecting kids** * S = subcutaneous nodule * E = erythemia marginatum * P = migratory *poly*arthritis * **Nephritic Syndrome** * **Vegetation on mitral valve** * Aschkoff Bodies

Answer 8

strep pyogenes - group A beta hemolytic strep carditis (MacCullum patch in post left atrium), sydenhams chorea, subcutaneous nodule, erythema marginatum, migratory polyarthritis

Answer 9

_Purpose_: enhance phagocytosis/cellular lysis _Pathways:_ * **Classical (****Ag-Ab)** * **Alternate** (Sheep RBC's?) * Both pathways **meet at C3B** * **C5b-C9 = MAC** (Membrane Attack Complex) * C9 → "terminal complement"

Answer 10

Bodies present in nucleus or cytoplasm of certain cells in infection by filterable viruses

Answer 11

Rheumatic Fever ## Footnote *extensive = MacCallum's Patch*

Answer 12

Metachromatic granules seen in diptheria (pseudomembrane in throat)

Answer 13

**mononucleosis** → *"don't let mono get you down"* ## Footnote **atypical lymphocytes**

Answer 14

TB Giant epithelial cells

Answer 15

TB (inactive phase)

Answer 16

Small pox (variola) * *"eradicated in 1977 from vaccines"*

Answer 17

tertiary syphillis

Answer 18

Measles on buccal mucosa white/bluish spots

Answer 19

"old age pigment" buildup of lipofuscin in organs = \***Brown's atrophy**

Answer 20

Parkinson's (AKA *pa**ralysis agitans)*

Answer 21

Hepatitis (alcoholism)

Answer 22

Rabies (hydrophobia)

Answer 23

found in **plasma cells,** consists of antibodies * from chronic inflammation and malignant disorders associated with **multiple myeloma**

Answer 24

esophageal webbing

Answer 25

**Active** = must *actively* make own antibodies (Ab) **Passive =** *given* antibodies (Ab), received from outside→in

Answer 26

exposure to disesase → body reacts *ex) measles, chicken pox triggers antibody production*

Answer 27

injection of _attenuated organism_ *ex) tetanus **toxoid** = inactivated protion triggers immune system to make antibody*

Answer 28

Given antibodies... * **in utero: IgG** *("gee thanks, ma")* * **breastfeeding:** **IgA**

Answer 29

injection of _preformed antibodies_ * ex) tetanus **antitoxin** = premade antibody, attacks _circulating_ toxins, not _bound_ toxins* * ***Tetanus antitoxin cannot cross blood-brain barrier***

Answer 30

toxin from **lipopolysaccharide layer of the cell**

Answer 31

Toxin from outside cell from waste products **Heat labile** *(ex: staph)*

Answer 32

vector is inanimate object

Answer 33

partial antigen/half antigen **does not stimulate immune response** (must combine with protein to be toxic)

Answer 34

affects nervous system ## Footnote ***Botulism, tetanus***

Answer 35

enhance phagocytosis by **marking target for strike**

Answer 36

cannot be autoclaved/sterilized

Answer 37

* anaphylactic (immediate, acute) * allergy * **IgE, mast cells, basophils**

Answer 38

* **cytotoxic** * **Goodpasteur's** * (lung and kidney) * *"You go outside in the Good-pasture, take a deep breath, then you have to pee"* * caused by group A beta-hemolytic strep * **Erythroblastosis Fetalis** * ****Rh(+) baby, Rh(-) mother * *Mothers worry, have negative thoughts* * **blood transfusions** * **Myasthenia Gravis** * ****weakness and rapid fatigue of muscles under voluntary control * IgG targets cell for phagocytosis * *Type II = 2 things* * **antigen + antibody**

Answer 39

* immune-complex mediated * Glomerulonephritis, lupus, RA * **Arthus rxn** = local necrosis * **Serum Sickness** = systemic

Answer 40

* Delayed * Cell-mediated *(only one NOT antibody-mediated)* * TB, contact dermatitis *(poison ivy, poison oak, etc.)* * Transplant rejection via MHC

Answer 41

eats inorganic material

Answer 42

eats organic material

Answer 43

eats dead/decaying material (organic)

Answer 44

eats off *living* organisms

Answer 45

transfer of disease from **animal to human** ***ex) Anthrax*** * ***woolsorter's disease"*** * ***Gram ( + ) rod*** * ***sporulates***

Answer 46

Lives in areas of **reduced O₂** high-altitude plants grown in **Candle Jar culture**

Answer 47

**Monotrichus** = single flagella, one pole **Lophotrichus** = multiple flagella on one pole (tuft at end) **Amphitrichus** = "both" flagella, both poles **Peritrichus** = "around", flagella everywhere

Answer 48

Salmonella typhimurium

Answer 49

Antistreptolysin O Titre Strep pyogenes test Rheumatic Fever

Answer 50

Biological Oxygen Demand best test for water pollution

Answer 51

**Staph** vs. **Strep** ## Footnote *(cat + ) (cat - )*

Answer 52

virus culture

Answer 53

*AKA Thayer Martin Agar AKA Heated Blood Agar* for **Gonorrhea**

Answer 54

* *Staph Aureus** vs other Staph * (pathogenic vs non-pathogenic staph)*

Answer 55

**Erythroblastosis Fetalis** *(TII hypersensitivity)*

Answer 56

Scarlet Fever

Answer 57

Seronegative arthridities ## Footnote *(PEAR = psoriatic, enteropathic arthorpathy, AS, Reiter's)*

Answer 58

**AIDS** ELISA test checks DNA Western Blot checks proteins ``` If 2 ELISA (+), do WB. If WB (+) = AIDS Dx ```

Answer 59

Meningitis ## Footnote *(low glucose)*

Answer 60

Heterophile Agglutination test for **mononucleosis** **Mononucleosis** * heterophile antibody = Ab seen in microscopy * *heterophile agglutination = Paul Bunnel* * Downey cell = atypical lymphocyte

Answer 61

Strep Pneumoniae *(mcc of meningitis)* *"quellung is swelling" (**of strep capsule)*

Answer 62

virus culture

Answer 63

Positive for all Rickettsia **except Coxiella Burnetii (Q fever)**

Answer 64

Typhoid Fever

Answer 65

Herpes Zoster

Answer 66

Wasserman VDRL = *Venereal Disease Research Lab* Darkfield

Answer 67

* **BEST TB TEST = Sputum Culture** (shows active) * Tine Test = skin prick * **PPD/Mantoux Test** = purified protein derivative * Delayed Hypersensitivity Test * **Ziehl Nielson Staining** * ****acid fast organisms * *"my ass is fast" = **_my_**cobacterium **_ac_**id _fast_* * *__*Chest x-ray = **Gohn Complex** in Lung * BCG vaccine = uses mycobacterium bovis

Answer 68

steam heat under pressure, denatures membranes 274°F, 15 mins ## Footnote **ineffective against prions**

Answer 69

SALK = poli vaccine rabies

Answer 70

measles, mumps, rubella ## Footnote **Sabin = oral**

Answer 71

**Case Control:** IDs risk factors **Double Blind:** eliminates placebo **Retrospective/Cohort:** go back in time

Answer 72

**Pseudomonas Aeruginosa** * open burn infection, unsanitized hot tub, contact lenses * **hot, warm places** * flouresces blue under UV light, procyanin * **#1 cause of pneumonia in Cystic Fibrosis patients**

Answer 73

Serratia marcenscens

Answer 74

staph aureus *Au = gold*

Answer 75

Mycobacterium *"My ass is fast"*

Answer 76

Alpha = partial **(green ring)** * **strep pneumoniae** * *mcc meningitis* * **strep viridans** * ****SBE**/ subacute bacterial endocarditis * **splinter hemorrhages under fingernails** * must have Rheumatic Fever first

Answer 77

gamma = none, red ring **Strep Mutans** * cavities/ "dental caries"

Answer 78

_Primary_ = crystal violet or methylene blue * *(Gram + stains purple/blue)* _Fixer_ = Iodine, "mordant" _Decolorizer_ = alcohol wash _Counterstain_ = saffarin

Answer 79

pre-op disinfectant

Answer 80

Methycilline-Resistant Staph Aureus Hospitals use Vancomycin now

Answer 81

inhibits cell wall synthesis | (glycoproteins)

Answer 82

competes with PABA | (Para-aminobenzoic acid)

Answer 83

for gram negative and positive (broad spectrum) inhibits protein synthesis turns teeth gray or yellow brown

Answer 84

Sulfa drugs ## Footnote **First treatment for Syphilis**

Answer 85

Discovered Penicillin (1928)

Answer 86

"proved bacteria causes disease" Koch's 4 postulates **Anthrax Vaccine**

Answer 87

Antiseptis sterilization of surgical instruments

Answer 88

Father of Pathology Father of GErm Theory Rabies vaccine

Answer 89

Yellow Fever | (spread by ades egypti mosquito)

Answer 90

Live Polio vaccine given orally

Answer 91

**Dead Polio vaccine** given by injection, before Sabin

Answer 92

handwashing before delivering a baby ## Footnote **reduced Puerperal Fever (aka Childbed Fever)**

Answer 93

*Description of morphology upon examination of an agar plate:* ``` **R = rough S = smooth** ``` ``` D = dwarf H = spreading M = mucoid capsule forming: related to virulence O = compact (O vs H) ```

Answer 94

1. **Find** microorganism in patients 2. **Isolate** and grow 3. Observe: **should cause disease** in healthy individual 4. **Reisolate** microorganism from inoculated people

Answer 95

* *_Conjugation_\*** * *plasmid DNA,** transfer via sex pilus (little penis!) _Transduction_ transfer of genetic material from between bacteria *bacteriophage: altered virus* **_Transformation_\* direct uptake of free DNA**

Answer 96

**Statistics, NOT RESEARCH** (compiles **morbidity and epidemiological statistics)** Branch of US Navy Part of US Health Services

Answer 97

monitors quality of soil, air and water

Answer 98

regulates health products released to public **Monsanto**_(?) | (regulates product misrepresentation, promotion, advertising)

Answer 99

**research, not statistics** Located in Bethesda, Maryland

Answer 100

makes rules regarding occupational toxicity levels of hazardous materials ## Footnote **powerful agency**

Answer 101

new disease or rapid increase in incidence or in geographic range ## Footnote *Ex) AIDS, Ebola... in USA: TB, MRSA, H1N1/Swine Flu*

Answer 102

small number of cases in specific location present all the time

Answer 103

**number of NEW cases in a given time period** *ex) how many new cases last year?*

Answer 104

more than expected # of cases of a disease *worldwide*

Answer 105

**total # of cases at a *particular point in time*** *ex) total cases right now*

Answer 106

_Infants_ * *1. Congenital malformations 2. Prematurity** _Adults_ (United States) * *1. Heart Disease 2. Cancer 3. Stroke** 4. Respiratory infection 5. Accidents _Adults_ (Worldwide) * *1. Tuberculosis** 2. Malaria

Answer 107

_Primary (Sewage) Treatment_ filtration → flocculation → sedimentation → sludge digestion _Secondary Treatment_ sand filtration → **aeration**\*→ chlorination → possible fluoridation **\*aeration decreases BOD/ biological oxygen demand**

Answer 108

*"**_T_**ry **_R_**onnie **_F_**irst"* ***_T_**apeworm / **_R_**oundworm / **_F_**luke **_C_**estodes / **_N_**ematodes / **_T_**rematodes _{(alphabetical order match)}* **_Tapeworms: "Cestodes"_** * long, ribbon-like body * Head = "scolex" (attaches to intestine) * Body = proglottids **_Roundworms: "Nematodes"_** * cylindrical, unsegmented * *_Spongebob* **_Flukes: "Trematodes"_** * flat, ovoid body

Answer 109

Dwarf tapeworm ## Footnote *Bethanie says her Nana is a dwarf*

Answer 110

Fish tapeworm may cause B12 deficiency Pacific NW Salmon *Channing Latum looks like a fish? Idfk*

Answer 111

Blood Host = snail S/Sx: * Swimmer's itch * mcc of death by a helminth (parasitic worm)

Answer 112

Pulmonary (lung) Crayfish

Answer 113

most common roundworm most common helminthic infection worldwide Roundworm: *"my ass is round"*

Answer 114

mosquitoes **S/Sx:** * Elephantitis * lymphatic Blockage

Answer 115

Fecal-contaminated soil wear shoes to prevent **mc hookworm in US**

Answer 116

anus-finger-mouth Scotch-Tape Test/ **Anal Cellophane Test** **mc helminth in the US**

Answer 117

African flies

Answer 118

Flies "African Eyeworm"

Answer 119

raw pork lives in striated muscles Dx on xray, mm biopsy to confirm

Answer 120

*"whip those T's together"* oral-fecal weight loss

Answer 121

*Most commonly transmitted or acquired via the **respiratory system***. _Exceptions_: * **\*Arboviruses = mosquitoes** * encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue * Polio = oral/fecal * **\*Hepatitis** * Hep**A**: oral/fecal * Hep**B**: sexual transmission, IV drugs * Hep**C**: transfusions, tattoos

Answer 122

Viral Diseases and Skin Reactions **Type 1** * fever blisters (cold sores) - *"above the belt"* * Trigeminal/ "Gasserion" ganglion **Type 2** * Genital Herpes - *"below the belt"*

Answer 123

viral disease with skin reaction * **Shingles** in adults * **does not cross midline** * **hides in DRG** * follows dermatome * stress-induced

Answer 124

viral disease with skin reaction pink cauliflower lesion on female genitalia

Answer 125

Viral disease with skin reaction **German Measles** ***"**3-day measles"* **most susceptible in 1st trimester**

Answer 126

viral disease with skin reaction **Red Measles** *("Ruby Red")* **Koplik spots on buccal mucosa** * white/blue spots

Answer 127

viral disease with skin reaction **maculopapularvesicular** **rash** = red, elevated fluid-filled lesions

Answer 128

viral disease with skin reaction **Small Pox\*** **guarneri bodies** *(\*eradicated in 1977 via vaccine)*

Answer 129

viral disease with enteric reaction **childhood dysentery** (hand, foot and mouth disease)

Answer 130

viral disease with respiratory reaction ## Footnote **conjunctivitis, pharyngitis**

Answer 131

**antigenic shift and/or drift** * small mutation = drift * big mutation = shift **causes the flu** _{no fuckin shit}

Answer 132

* viral disease w respiratory reaction * caused by **sidomegalic paramyxoid virus** * causes parotiditis * leads to **LMN disease of CN7 (Bells Palsy)** * Complications * **sterility** from oophritis or orchitis

Answer 133

causes **croup and bronchiolitis**

Answer 134

* **bullet-shaped** * RNA, **rhabdovirus** * **negri bodies** in brain * hydrophobia

Answer 135

fatty liver (hepatomegaly) encephalopathy

Answer 136

* caused by retrovirus (HIV) * **reverse transcriptase (RNA → DNA)** * **CD4 cells affected** * T-helper cells * Complications * ***pneumocystis carinii*** * **toxoplasmosis** * **Kaposi sarcoma** * Giardia Lamblia

Answer 137

**#1 fungal infection in AIDS** **#1 cause of death in AIDS *(from pneumonia)***

Answer 138

#1 parasitic infection in AIDS #1 protozoal infection in AIDS **spread by cat feces → birth defects**

Answer 139

#1 cause of **death by cancer** in AIDS

Answer 140

* fecal/oral * **NOT a carrier for life** \*ONLY ONE * **no sequelae** (B,C,D = liver cancer) * RNA virus * *"get it and get over it"*

Answer 141

* sexual transmission, IV drugs * carrier for life * sequelae: **liver cancer** (also true for: Hep's B/C/D) * **DNA ONLY\*** (only one DNA, A/C/D = RNA) * most lethal in acute phase * Endemic in asian cultures

Answer 142

* **blood transfusion, tattoos** * carrier for life * seq: liver cancer * RNA * AKA "non-A, non-B hepatitis"

Answer 143

* **co-infectious with Hep B** * carrier for life * liver cancer * RNA * **aka "Dane" particle - only replicates in presence of Hep B**

Answer 144

causes all equine **encephalitis** diseases: Western, Eastern, St. Louis **(Eastern Equine Encephalitis = West Nile Virus)** ****all spread by **mosquitoes**

Answer 145

**_Yellow Fever_** "yellow" = jaundice discovered by **Walter Reed ades agypti mosquito** **viscerotropic virus** (affects liver) **_Dengue Fever_** vector: **mosquito** develop **backbone fever** or **"bone crusher disease"**

Answer 146

**Bubonic Plague, "black death"** arthropod-borne bacteria Rat flea = *xenopsylla cheopis* Bubos = neck and axillary lymph node enlargement

Answer 147

**Tuleremia** **Rabbits** (Rabbit Fever) **Hunters at risk** *"The **_Fr_**ench _Rabbits_ smell **_Tul_**ips"*

Answer 148

**Botulism** * **food-borne bacteria** * vector: **home-canning** * Prevents ACh release → **Floppy Baby Syndrome** * **Nitrates added to meat to prevent botulism ** **1st symptom: diplopia** (double-vision) 2nd symptom: death

Answer 149

* food-borne bacteria * **mcc gastritis** * #1 cause of **food poisoning**

Answer 150

* **Listeria** * food-borne bacteria * **deli meats and soft cheeses**

Answer 151

**Salmonella** * **eggs and poultry** * **12-24 hours after ingestion** * **Fever**

Answer 152

Staphylococcus * food-borne bacteria * **creams and custards** * **2-4 hours** after ingestion * **no fever** * stable toxin

Answer 153

Typhoid * rose-colored spots on abdomen * Peyer's patches in ileum

Answer 154

Brucellosis Bang's Disease = undulant fever Spontaneous abortions in cattle

Answer 155

**Cholera** * **comma-shaped** * **rice water stools** (massive diarrhea) * **no lymph enlargement**

Answer 156

**Shigella** * **water and soil borne** * **bacterial dysentery** (w. blood in stool)

Answer 157

* *enterotoxigenic form* → **Montezuma's Reveng** * ******"Traveler's Diarrhea"** * *enterohemorrhagic form* → **E. coli OH157** * Hamburger's Disease * **fatal** * #1 cause **Otitis Externa**

Answer 158

**Anthrax,** AKA *"Woolsorter's Disease"* * **Gram (+) rod** * **sporulates** * **Zoonosis** (infectious dzs of animals naturally spread to humans)

Answer 159

**Tetanus** * **trismus** (lockjaw) * **inhibits GABA and Glycine** (blocks inhibitory neurotransmitter's)

Answer 160

AKA *Clostridium wlichi*

Answer 161

* *#1 cause of otitis media** * (middle-ear infection)* *#2 cause = strep pneumoniae*

Answer 162

**Weil's Syndrome** | (hemorrhagic jaundice)

Answer 163

**Lyme's Disease** * vector = **deer tick** ***(**Lxodes scapularis)* * **Erythema Chronicum Migricans** * AKA* b*ullseye rash*

Answer 164

**Relapsing Fever** *(recurrent)* **fever comes and goes** *(relapsing)*

Answer 165

STD: **Venereal Syphilis** * **Primary = hard, painLESS chancre** * **Secondary** = **maculopapular rash** w condylomata lata * **Latency** = may/may not show symptoms * **Tertiary = neurosyphilis, gummas, Argyll Robertson pupil, tabes dorsalis** * ("tabes" = wasting, "dorsalis" = back) posterior columns affected \*Treponema differentiation: **Dark Field Microscopy**

Answer 166

**Non-venereal syphilis** casual contact \*Treponema differentiation: Dark Field Microscopy

Answer 167

**Childhood** = Coxsackie virus B (hand, foot and mouth dz) **Bacterial** = *shigella* **Amoebic** = entamoeba histolytica (infective stage = cyst)

Answer 168

**Pleomorphic = many shapes** (diptheria) **Rabies = bullet-shaped** **Vibrio = comma-shaped** (curved)

Answer 169

**Staph** **makes thicker** catalyses breakdown of fibrinogen to form fibrin

Answer 170

Psychrophilic: 15°C or lower * *Mesophilic: 20-4****0°C, optimal=37°C** (human temp) * *\*killed by fevers** Thermophilic: 45°C or above

Answer 171

_Newborns_: **E. coli** *("little shits")* _Infants/older children_: **strep pneumoniae** _Adults_: **strep pneumoniae** \*Most lethal meningitis **= *Naegleria Fowleri*** causes 1° amoebic meningoencephalitis

Answer 172

**Amebiasis** **infective form = cyst** Protozoal infection (Giemsa stain)

Answer 173

Kala-Azar (Leishmaniasis) sandflies viscerotropic Dehli Boil

Answer 174

**Giardiasis, "beaver fever"** **infective form = cyst** **hikers, drinking stream water** **4 pairs of flagella** Protozoal infection (Giemsa stain)

Answer 175

**Malaria (most common form of malaria)** female **anopheles mosquito** ***Merozoite stage*** * propogation through body * becomes pathogenic at this stage\*

Answer 176

**Malaria** (most **_f_**atal **_f_**orm) anopheles mosquito **Black Water Fever** (urinating oxidized blood) Protozoal Infection (Giemsa Stain)

Answer 177

**Toxoplasmosis** **cat feces** **miscarriages** if 1st exposure and in first trimester Protozoal Infection (Giemsa Stain)

Answer 178

**Trypanosomiasis** **Kissing "reduviid" bug** **Chaga's Disease** Protozoal Infection (Giemsa Stain)

Answer 179

**Trypanosomiasis** **Tsetse fly** **African sleeping sickness** **neurological problems affecting the brain** Protozoal Infection (Giemsa Stain)

Answer 180

Keratinase = attacks skin Proteinase = attacks muscle Elastase = attacks connective tissue

Answer 181

Fungal infection ## Footnote **Aspergillosis** **nuts and grains** **fungus ball in lungs**

Answer 182

**Mississippi/Ohio Valley Fevers** **Calcific lesions in lung**, similar to TB

Answer 183

* *AIDS Pneumonia** vector: pigeon droppings **(assoc. w/all birds)** ``` #1 fungal infection in AIDS #1 cause of death in AIDS (from pneumonia) ``` fungal

Answer 184

Sporotrichosis flowers gardeners at risk fungal

Answer 185

Detection: * **Woods** **Lamp** = UV light * **skin scrapings** from periphery of lesion, * tested in **KOH/ potassium hydroxide** * no blood tests

Answer 186

**tinea barbae** = ringworm of beard **tinea capitis** = scalp **tinea corporis** = body **tinea cruris** = groin, *"jock itch"* **tinea pedis** = foot, *"athlete's foot"* **tinea unguinum** = nail

Answer 187

**Rickettsia** **Q-fever** **milk** * *Weil-Felix (-)\*** * \*all rickettsia W-F(+) except coxiella burnetti*

Answer 188

E**p**idemic typhus, *aka "Bril-Zinsser's dz"* head louse

Answer 189

* *Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever** * "Dermacenter andersoni"* **rash on wrists and ankles** **Wood tick**

Microbiology (Joe) Flashcards

Microbiology (Joe) (220 cards)