Pathology (Joe) Flashcards

Question

Hemosiderosis

Answer 1

iron in lungs due to bleeding *rib fracture pulmonary embolism ^(?)* *stab/gunshot wound*

Answer 2

honeycomb lung

Answer 3

**caseous necrosis in lung** **Gohn complex**, granulomas, epithelioid histiocytes If spread to spine = "**Pott's Disease**" (with fracture or collapse of VB = **Gibbus deformity**)

Answer 4

Vasculitis of lung and kidney arteries any system can be affected (polyangitis)

Answer 5

**Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency** = loss of elasticity can't breathe *out*

Answer 6

decreased tubular excretion of nitrogen ↑nitrogen in the blood

Answer 7

most commonly caused by prostate problems/ureter stones

Answer 8

"Nephrolithiasis" acute nephritic shock: mc stone: **calcium oxalate/** Ca⁺⁺ urate pain pattern: **constant LBP, radiates to flank** localized groin pain = stone in ureters **painful voiding, pink urine** Dx: **Murphy's Punch**

Answer 9

RBCs and *minor* amount of protein in urine | (hematuria, *mild* proteinuria) ## Footnote *acute glomerulonephritis*

Answer 10

* *_"Pre-eclampsia"_** * *"HEP": _H**_ypertension / _**E_**dema / *massive* **_P_**roteinuria **_Eclampsia_** HEP + seizure/convulsions+ coma *(potentially fatal)*

Answer 11

multiple cysts on kidneys moth-eaten appearance idiopathic

Answer 12

acute tubular necrosis

Answer 13

"**nephroblastoma**" mixed (palpable) tumor of kidney **in children** *(if kids experience LBP = no bueno)* **\*mc malignant tumor found in kids**

Answer 14

**↓cortisol, ↓BP** hypoadrenia/adrenal fatigue inadequate cortisol levels = ↑↑ACTH to stimulate cortisol release ↑↑ACTH leads to ↑MSH ↑Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone = **hyperpigmentation** **fatigue**

Answer 15

↑cortisol (z. fasciculata) **hyper**adrenia moon faces, buffalo hump, **purple striae,** central obesity **hypertension, water retention** _{(opposite of Addison's Disease)}

Answer 16

**↑↑Aldosterone** (z. glomerulosa) ↑↑ADH = **water retention** **hypertension**

Answer 17

hyperplasia of thyroid cells due to lack of iodine

Answer 18

**Hyperthyroidism** exopthalmoses heat intolerance weight loss rapid HR weight loss _{T3/T4 fiddles with thermostat, turns ↑ = ↑HR, ↑BP, hot}

Answer 19

Autoimmune cause of **hypothyroidism**

Answer 20

**Hypothyroidism** **Cretinism** in child cold intolerance weight gain slow HR/bradycardia loss of lateral ¹/3 eyebrows slow mental faculties (memory, common sense)

Answer 21

undescended testes can cause testicular cancer

Answer 22

mc site: ovary ^{(endometrial cells should only be in uterus or outside body)}

Answer 23

_**Epi**spadias_: urethra exits dorsal surface of penis _**Hypo**spadias_: urethra exits ventral surface of penis extreme cases lead to **_chordee_ = sharp angulation of penis**

Answer 24

* pregnancy * hydatidiform mole * non-viable embryo that has implanted * "cancer-like"

Answer 25

tumor of smooth muscle fibroids in the uterus (may disappear at menopause)

Answer 26

anovulation obesity **hirsutism** ^{(excess hair on body and face)}

Answer 27

cancer of testes (mc form) mesenchymal/stem cells

Answer 28

born to mother with syphilis * **Hutchinson's teeth** = notched upper incisors * **Rhagades** = cracks at edge of mouth * **Saddle nose deformity** = bridge flattened * **Sabre Blade Tibia** * **Interstitial keratitis** = produces visual changes, sometimes at tympanic membrane

Answer 29

***Treponema Pallidum*** _Primary_ **Hard, painless chancre** on perineum _Secondary_ maculopapular rash and condylomata lata _Latency_ may or may not have symptoms _Tertiary_ tabes dorsalis, aortic aneurysm, gummas in CNS, Argyll Robertson Pupil/ "prostitute's pupil" ^{accomodates, but doesnt respond)}

Answer 30

**_Argyll Robertson Pupil_** does not react to light, but constricts upon accomodation **_Adie's Pupil_** tonic pupil *dilation* (mydriasis) due to CNIII Edinger-Westphal nucleus **_Miosis_** tonic pupil *constriction* due to injury to sympathetic cervical ganglia

Answer 31

**soft, painful chancre** Haemophilus ducreyi infection *(G- coccobacillus)*

Answer 32

**bacterial vaginosis** similar to Trichimonas, except bacterial

Answer 33

Gram (-) diplococcus mcc **PID/Pelvic Inflammatory Disease** mcc **salpingitis** (fallopian tube infection) * *burning urination** * *yellow/green pus** in urine may produce arthritis (mc DJD in knee) coffee bean shaped

Answer 34

Chlamydia rectal strictures (elasticity loss) Dx: Frei Test

Answer 35

Purulent vaginal discharge Protozoan vaginosis | (green/yellow, frothy, foul, fish-like)

Answer 36

**spasm of lower esophageal sphincter** causes **megaesophagus** (expansion) of upper esophagus **lack of motility** (due to absence of myenteric plexus)

Answer 37

metaplasia of esophageal cells into stomach cells caused by GERD

Answer 38

**occlusion of hepatic veins** _Triad_ abdominal pain / ascites / hepatomegaly _Acute_ rapid severe upper abdominal pain, jaundice, hepatomegaly, ↑liver enzymes, eventual encephalopathy/shock

Answer 39

gluten intolerance/enteropathy loss of villi = loss of absorption intestinal lining flattened & hole-punched GF diet

Answer 40

gallbladder inflammation #1 cause of gallstones

Answer 41

gallstones mcc by cholecystitis

Answer 42

seen in young people distal small intestine (ileum), cecum, ascending colon **(R-sided problem)** skip-lesions = "cobblestone" appearance NO bloody diarrhea autoimmune leads to dehydration bc most water absorbed in small intestine

Answer 43

outpouching in the intestine usually lower L quadrant (sigmoid and descending)

Answer 44

difficulty swallowing

Answer 45

bowel inflammation due to improper sanitation ## Footnote **mcc of death of children worldwide due to dehydration from diarrhea**

Answer 46

Swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus that cause discomfort and bleeding **mcc of frank red blood in stool** _{frank blood = bright red} ^{melena = upper GI bleed- - dark, digested blood}

Answer 47

Congenital megacolon absence of myenteric plexus = parasympathetic motor plexus _{*Meissner's plexus is chemosensitive}

Answer 48

telescoping (collapsing) of intestine onto itself

Answer 49

**stress related** spastic colon distention pain diarrhea

Answer 50

**Hematemesis** (vomitting blood) due to **alcoholism** **distention of esophageal veins** → bleed into stomach "Mallory Weiss tears" = distal esophageal/proximal stomach lacerations

Answer 51

outpouching of distal ileum (R side: iliocecal/distal ileum)

Answer 52

**_P_**olyposis, characterized by polyp**_z_** in the entire GI tract beningn

Answer 53

iron deficiency anemia cheilosis **esophageal webbing** (partial esophageal occlusion) glossitis

Answer 54

Infant projectile vomitting newborns

Answer 55

anatomically shortened esophagus *too* short

Answer 56

fat in stool problem with gallbladder *Guacamole rampage = steatosis*

Answer 57

pathological intestingal changes ulcers **bloody diarrhea** **affects L abdomen** (descending colon, sigmoid colon) **"lead pipe rigidity"** starts at colon, moves distally

Answer 58

twisting of an organ around its long axis

Answer 59

outpouching of esophagus/pharynx

Answer 60

↓ADH due to PP problem dehydration

Answer 61

**↓insulin production** by β-cells of pancreas 1st seen in eyes mc die from heart disease or renal failure polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia | (Islets of Langerhaans)

Answer 62

iron in organs and skin "bronze diabetes" _{*iron absorption requires vitamin C}

Answer 63

protein malnutrition severe edema

Answer 64

calorie malnutrition, includes protein wasting away

Answer 65

inborn **error of copper metabolism** **Kayser-Fleisher Rings** = copper deposits in eye Hepatolenticular degeneration

Answer 66

anterior horn and corticospinal tracts affected **complete motor loss no sensory loss** **LMN in upper extremities UMN in lower extremities** **progressive** disease

Answer 67

**severe atrophy of cerebral cortex** progressive ↓ACh **#1 cause of dementia** **50-60+ years old**

Answer 68

**_Type 1_** cerebellar tonsils herniate (specifically vermis) **_Type 2_** [Type1] + meningiomyelocele in lumbar spine \*can get syrinx because of hydrocephalus - Rexed Lamina 10 *brain matter outside brain*

Answer 69

Types I and II mc CNS tumor best prognosis

Answer 70

mc CNS tumor

Answer 71

worst prognosis affects cerebrum

Answer 72

mc seen in cerebellar vermis in children ## Footnote **mc cerebellar tumor**

Answer 73

slowest growing affects cerebrum

Answer 74

**CN VIII** **Acoustic neuroma** onion bulb tumor mcc of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 75

mc brain tumor = *Astrocytoma* mc cns tumor = *Glioma* worst prognosis *= Glioblastoma Multiform* mc cerebellum tumor = *Medulloblastoma* slowest/cerebrum = *Oligodendroglioma* CN VIII/acoustic neuroma = *Schwannoma*

Answer 76

**lesions of sclerosis of spinocerebellar\* tract** chromosome 9 _{*spinocerebellar: unconscious proprioception} | (neurofibrillary tangles)

Answer 77

mc seen after recent flu or vaccination **PNS demyelination** areflexia and **ascending paralysis** reaches diaphragm **= fatal**

Answer 78

interruption of cervical sympathetics *(trauma, pancoast tumor\*)* S/Sx: ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, enophthalmosis _{*pancoast tumor @ lung apices, disrupts cervical sympathetic ganglia}

Answer 79

liquefactive necrosis skin damage sensory nerve destruction *(early sign = feels no pain)*

Answer 80

**CNS demyelinization** and plaquing of spinal cord or brain * *_Charcot's Triad (SIN)_** * *_s_**canning speech, **_i_**ntention tremor, **_n_**ystagmus distal mms affected visual disturbances Corticospinal tracts\* affected

Answer 81

formation of **antibodies against ACh receptors** @ myoneural junction **Thymoma**: thymus enlargment **progressive weakness and fatigue** Starts in ocular muscles, **worse at end of day** diplopia: dbl vision tight, sore mms in jaw and hands **autoimmune** **Corticospinal tracts** affected

Answer 82

Café au Lait spots "coast of California" appearance

Answer 83

Schwann cell tumor

Answer 84

**↓dopamine** in basal ganglia difficulty starting/stopping motion inability to move + tremor = "**cogwheel rigidity**" Inclusions: **Lewy Bodies** masked faces, stooped posture, resting tremor, shuffling/propulsive gait **Substantia nigra of mesencephalon** affected

Answer 85

**Longstanding B12 deficiency\*** (Pernicious Anemia) → PLS **Dorsal columns and corticospinal tract** affected _{*lack of intrinsic factor}

Answer 86

Affects brainstem, then CNs, possibly breathing apparatus If affects **anterior horn = produces LMNL** _{(Polio transmission = oral/fecal)}

Answer 87

**cystlike formation from central canal of sc** leads to **loss of pain/temperature, bilaterally + signs of UMNL in upper ext** **"cape-like" distribution** of pins and needles sensation (shoulders, arms, back) Caused by syrinx (central dilation of sc)

Answer 88

**Alcoholic psychosis with dementia** **Thiamine (B1) depletion** due to **severe alcoholism** over time Destroys: **Wernicke's area** @ angular gyrus, temporal lobe

Answer 89

**_Benign_** * slow-growing * encapsulated * non-destructive * asymptomatic, usually * short zone of transition * easily removed * *"-oma"* _(usually) **_Malignant_** * non-encapsulated * long zone of transition * periosteal reactions if in bone * deep, boring night pain * weight loss * fevers, night sweats * metastases * automatically worst grade * mcc bone cancer * *"-carcinoma"* * *"-sarcoma"*

Answer 90

**benign** **metaphyseal/diaphyseal** (without crossing growth plate) **eccentric**: not at center of bone *"Blister of Bone" blisters, bubbles*

Answer 91

**"tumor-like" radiolucency** ``` loss of bone density from hyperparathyroidism (↑PTH) ```

Answer 92

cancer mc seen in sacrum **crosses jts** | (notochord remnants)