Microbiology Physiology

Question 1

what is an opportunistic pathogen

Answer 1

commensal causing infection in immunocompromised patient

Question 2

define virulence

Answer 2

degree of pathogenicity

Question 3

what is serology

Answer 3

detection of antibody in blood

Question 4

what are the 5 Is of the spread of infection

Answer 4

inhalation, ingestion, intercourse, inoculation, mother to infant

Question 5

what does SICPs stand for

Answer 5

standard infection control procedures

Question 6

what is an obligate aerobe

Answer 6

killed without oxygen

Question 7

what is an obligate anaerobe

Answer 7

killed by oxygen

Question 8

how to bacteria replicate

Answer 8

binary fission

Question 9

what are the 4 shapes of bacteria

Answer 9

bacillus, spirocheate, coccus, fusiform

Question 10

what colour do gram positive bacteria stain and why

Answer 10

purple since thick peptidoglycan layer

Question 11

what colour do gram negative bacteria stain and why

Answer 11

pink since thin peptidoglycan layer with LPS in outer membrane

Question 12

what type of toxin go gram positive bacterias produce

Answer 12

exotoxin; produced inside cell and exported out

Question 13

what type of toxin go gram negative bacterias produces

Answer 13

endotoxin

Question 14

what are microaerophilic bacteria

Answer 14

grow in reduced O2 enriched with CO2

Question 15

what is the gram stain, respiration, shape and method of classifying strep

Answer 15

gram positive aerobic cocci in chains classified by haemolysis

Question 16

what group of antibiotics are generally effective against streptococci

Answer 16

penicillins

Question 17

what is alpha haemolysis, how does it appear and which bacterias are alpha haemolytic

Answer 17

partial haemolysis; enzymes denture haemoglobin causing green colour, strep pneumoniae and strep viridans

Question 18

what is beta haemolysis, how does it appear and which bacterias are beta haemolytic

Answer 18

complete haemolysis, enzymes lyses RBCss, appears clear, group A strep pyogenes

Question 19

what is gamma haemolysis, how does it appear and which bacterias are gamma haemolytic

Answer 19

no haemolysis, appears unchanged, enterococci

Question 20

what is the lancefield system

Answer 20

groups beta haemolytic strep based on cell wall carbohydrate

Question 21

which group of strep are most pathological

Answer 21

beta haemolytic

Question 22

what is the gram stain, respiration, shape and method of classifying staph

Answer 22

gram postive aerobic cocci in clusters classified by coagulase

Question 23

what are coagulase positive staph and how do they appear

Answer 23

s. aureus, golden culture

Question 24

what antibiotics are generally effective against s. aureus

Answer 24

fluclox, if allergic vancomycin

Question 25

what are coagulase negative staph

Answer 25

non s. aureus staph e.g. staph epidermidis

Question 26

what is the gram stain, shape and respiration of clostridium

Answer 26

gram positive strict (obligate) anaerobic bacilli

Question 27

why do clostridium infections commonly recur

Answer 27

produce spores

Question 28

give 3 examples of clostridium species

Answer 28

c. difficile c. perfingens (gas gangrene) c. tetani

Question 29

how are gram negative bacilli classed

Answer 29

lactose fermenters and lactose negative

Question 30

is pseudomonas a lactose positive or negative gram negative bacilli

Answer 30

negative

Question 31

is h. pylori a lactose positive or negative gram negative bacilli

Answer 31

negative

Question 32

what are lactose positive gram negative bacilli

Answer 32

coliforms

Question 33

give examples of the coliforms

Answer 33

e. coli, klebsiella, proteus, enterobacter, salmonella

Question 34

what antibiotic is affected against the coliforms

Answer 34

IV genta, later PO switch to co-trimox

Question 35

give 2 examples of strict aerobes

Answer 35

pseudomonas aeruginosa, legionella pneumophilia

Question 36

what antibiotic is effective against strict anaerobes

Answer 36

metronidazole

Question 37

what types of pathogens are phagocytes active against

Answer 37

bacteria, fungi

Question 38

what types of pathogens are T cells active against

Answer 38

viruses, fungi, protozoa, mycobacteria

Question 39

what types of pathogens are B cells and antibodies active against

Answer 39

bacteria, viruses

Question 40

what types of pathogens are eosinophils active against

Answer 40

fungi, protozoa, worms

Question 41

what types of pathogens are mast cells active against

Answer 41

worms

Question 42

what types of pathogens is the complement system active against

Answer 42

bacteria

Question 43

what areas of the body are hard for antibiotics to penetrate and why

Answer 43

CNS, eyes, prostate since have tight junctions

Question 44

what commensals are found on the skin

Answer 44

s. epidermidis, s. aureus, bacillus, corynebacterium, propioibacterium

Question 45

what commensals are found in the mouth

Answer 45

s. viridans, candida, anaerobes

Question 46

what commensals are found in the nasal cavities

Answer 46

s. aureus, s. epidermidis

Question 47

what commensals are found in the pharynx

Answer 47

haemophilus, moraxella, neisseria, s. aureus, s. pneumoniae, s. pyogenes, s. viridans

Question 48

what commensals are found in the stomach and duodenum

Answer 48

sterile

Question 49

what commensals are found in the ileum and colon

Answer 49

anaerobes, candida, coliforms, clostridium, bacteriodes, e. faecalis

Question 50

what commensals are found in the bile duct

Answer 50

sterile

Question 51

what commensals are found in the vagina

Answer 51

lactobacillus, s. aureus, candida, enterobacteriaceae

Question 52

what is a penicillin allergy and what is its prevalene

Answer 52

0.5%, allergic to beta-lactam degradation product

Question 53

give the shape, respiration and 2 examples of of corynebacterium species

Answer 53

aerobic bacilli, diphtheria and diphtheroids