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Microbiology > Microorganisms and Microbiology > Flashcards

Microorganisms and Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Microbiology?

A

The study of living things too small to be seen without magnification

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2
Q

What are microorganisms/microbes?

A

microscopic organisms commonly called “germs, viruses, agents”

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3
Q

Names 7 microorganisms

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths, Viruses, Algae

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4
Q

What two themes does microbiology revolve around?

A

understanding basic processes: helps us understand unicellular and multicellular organisms
Applying that knowledge to the benefit of humans

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5
Q

Name 5 reasons microorganisms are important

A

1.oldest form of life
2. largest mass of living material on Earth
3. Carry out major processes for biogeochemical cycles
4. can live in places unsuitable for other organisms
5. other life forms require microbes to survive

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6
Q

How do microorganisms impact humans

A

can be beneficial and harmful

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7
Q

Name 3 positive impacts on humans from microorganisms

A

nitrogen-fixing bacteria, cellulose-degrading microbes in the rumen, regeneration of nutrients in soil and water, microbial transformation (cheese, yogurt, milk, pickles, breads, beers)

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8
Q

Name a negative impact from microorganisms

A

diseases and spoilage in plant and animals

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9
Q

Explain what microorganisms do

A

synthesize vitamins and other nutrients and takes up space to keep out bad organisms ; high number in GI tract, a good diet would mean no vitamins

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10
Q

Preservatives…?

A

keep food from spoiling and were thought of before the invention of the fridge

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11
Q

Lactic acid…

A

prevents the growth of microorganisms

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12
Q

What grows in vinegar?

A

nothing

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13
Q

Name some biofuels and how microbes play a part in the process

A

Methane, ethanol, hydrogen; help clean up pollutants (bioremediation)

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14
Q

Explain Ethanol as a biofuel

A

can be made from cellulose or cornstarch through fermentation by mixing glucose but it’s too expensive to produce consistently

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15
Q

How are microoganisms used as genetic resources?

A

can produce antibiotics, enzymes, and various chemicals; biotechnology allows for genetic engineering of microbes to generate things such as insulin (bc pig insulin isn’t as effective)

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16
Q

Name the 7 Taxonomic Microbiology areas

A

Bacteriology, Virology, Phycology (algae), Mycology, Protozoology, Parasitology, Immunology

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17
Q

Name the 7 Applied Microbiology areas

A

Medical, Pharmaceutical, Agricultural, Environmental, Industrial, Food, and Biotechnology

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18
Q

Robert Hooke

A

(1635-1703) first described microbes and used the word “cell”

19
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

(1632 - 1723) first to describe bacteria

20
Q

Ernst Abbe

A

(1840 - 1905) created resolution- sharpness of the image [not the same as magnification]

21
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

(1881) created viral stain that allowed you to see microorganisms

22
Q

Hans Christian Gram

A

(1884) created the differential stain which is the most important stain

23
Q

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

A

(1668) Francesco Redi used flies to see if things rise from unliving things [proven wrong]

24
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

(1822 - 1895) sterilization and aseptic technique, pasteurization of food, swan neck flask, vaccinations, and discovered microbes killing other microbes

25
Q

Integrative Microbio: Microbial Cytology

A

microscopic and submicroscopic details

26
Q

Integrative Microbio: Microbial Systematics

A

grouping and classifying microorganisms

27
Q

Integrative Microbio: Microbial Physiology

A

microbial metabolism and growth

28
Q

Integrative Microbio: B & G

A

Biochemistry and Genetics

29
Q

Integrative Microbio: Molecular Microbiology

A

genomics, proteomics, metabolomics

30
Q

Integrative Microbio: Microbial Ecology

A

relationship between microorganisms and environment

31
Q

What is tyndalization?

A

an alternative sterilization method for killing spores

32
Q

What is the germ theory of disease and uno discovered it?

A

Robert Koch (1843 - 1910) organisms should be associated w/ diseased animals and should cultivated in pure culture. Organisms from pure culture should cause disease in another susceptible animal and same organism should be resulted from this animal

33
Q

Name 3 exceptions of koch’s postulates

A

Some infectious agents cannot be readily isolated or grown in lab or be
Elicited in animals, and not possible to determine causation in polymicrobal diseases

34
Q

What help aid the rapid advances in genetics?

A

Found that microorganisms make a good model system

35
Q

What is Koch’s Postulates

A

bacteria in blood creates diseases and he was able to identify harmful pathogens

36
Q

Detail Antiseptics

A

created in 1867 by Joseph Lister by mixing phenol and water to keep sterile; created Listerine

37
Q

Detail Arsenicals

A

created by Paul Ehrlich around 1880s-90s to treat syphilis; identified the right microbe that would kill bacteria but not the human

38
Q

Detail Penicillin

A

created in 1929 by Alexander Flemming and came from mold; only worked on gram positive bacteria but still kickstarted the pharmaceutical industry

39
Q

Detail Streptomycin

A

created in 1940 by Selman Waxman on worked on gram negative bacteria

40
Q

Describe the one gene one enzyme theory

A

(1941 Beadle and Tatum) used Neurospora sp and exposed it to x-rays to see which gene needed to be changed for organisms to grow

41
Q

Fred Griffith

A

(1921) transformation of streptococcus pneumoniae (bacteria changed from harmless to harmful) by mixing microbes to see if they would provide protection and discovered DNA lasts a very long time

42
Q

Avery MacCloud and McCarthy

A

(1941) discovered bacteria can be transformed by DNA

43
Q

Watson and Crick

A

(1953) discovered chemical structure of DNA

Microbiology (18 decks)

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