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Microbiology > Taxonomy > Flashcards

Taxonomy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name 4 ways microbial cell structure and function came to be studied

A

Light microscope, improving contrast in light microscopy, electron microscope, and taxonomy and systematics

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2
Q

How can microbes be identified?

A

Microscopic appearances, characterization of cellular metabolism,determination of nutrient requirements, products given off during growth, the presence of enzymes, and mechanisms for deriving energy, and then Genetic and immunologic characteristics

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3
Q

Describe eukaryotic cells

A

has a central control structure called a nucleus, which
contains the cell’s DNA

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4
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells

A

does not have a nucleus; its DNA simply resides in the middle of the cell

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5
Q

What are the 3 domains to life, Respectively?

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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6
Q

What are the 6 Kingdoms?

A

Plant, Animal, Fungi, Protista, Moneran, Archaea

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7
Q

What is Protista?

A

(eukaryote) algae- photosynthesis, protozoans (water mold, slime mold, golden algae, and brown algae)

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8
Q

What is Fungi?

A

(eukaryote) mold and yeast

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9
Q

What is Archaea?

A

(prokaryote) archaebacteria: methanogenic, halophilic, thermophilic

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10
Q

What is Moneran?

A

bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma, rickettsia, and chlamydia

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11
Q

Name the 6 kingdoms

A

Plant, animal, fungi, moneran, Protista, archaea

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12
Q

Fungi is…

A

Mold and yeast (eukaryote)

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13
Q

Protista is…

A

Algae, protozoan water mold, slime mold, golden algae , brown algae (eukaryote)

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14
Q

Archaea is…

A

Methanogenic, halophillic, thermophillic (prokaryote)

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15
Q

Moneran is…

A

Bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia

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16
Q

Algae microorganisms are….

A

Phototrophic

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17
Q

Fungi microorganisms are…

A

non photosynthetic that contain a rigid cell wall

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18
Q

Protozoa

A

unicellular eukaryotes that lack a cell wall

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19
Q

Helminths

A

flatworms and roundworms

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20
Q

Name the 7 different ways you can classify Bacteria

A

shape, size and structure, chemical activities, nutrient requirements, physical conditions under which they grow, ability to cause disease, staining behavior

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21
Q

Describe the Monerans

A
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22
Q

Viruses are not considered cells because?

A

they have no metabolic abilities of their own, rely completely on biosynthetic machinery of infected cell, infect all types of cells, smallest virus is 10nm in diameter

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23
Q

Describe a Eukaryotic structure

A

has larger cells and membrane containing organelles

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24
Q

Describe a Prokaryotic structure

A

has smaller cells and do not have membrane containing organelles

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25
Q

Describe the differences in structure of a Prokaryotic cell and a Eukaryotic cell

A

they both have plasma membranes, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes; P only has nucleoid region , E only has a nucleus

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26
Q

What is a light microscope?

A

a bright field or compound microscope used to stain bacteria because prokaryotes lack contrast with surrounding media

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27
Q

What is a fluorescent microscope?

A

use ultraviolet (can’t see) light ans special dyes

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28
Q

What is a phase contrast microscope?

A

increases the contrast between the cell and media by using special lenses, best at studying living cells; don’t have to stain

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29
Q

What is a dark field microscope?

A

outlines of organisms can be seen and has the greatest contrast

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30
Q

What is magnification?

A

amount of enlargement

31
Q

What is working distance?

A

space between specimen and lens

32
Q

What is depth of field?

A

distance between nearest and farthest object that are in focus

33
Q

Describe coccus shape and give an example

A

circular shape; ex. staphylococcus aureus

34
Q

Describe rod shape and give an example

A

cylinder shape; ex. bacillus subtilis

35
Q

Describe spirillum shape and give an example

A

spiral shape; ex. spirillum volutans

36
Q

Describe the components of the Gram stain

A

separate bacteria into groups with gram-positive (purple) and gram negative (red/pink)

37
Q

Describe the components of the Acid stain

A

acid-fast (hot pink) non acid-fast (blue), cell walls holds fast to the dye when washed with acid alcohol decolorizer; originated to detect mycobacterium tuberculosis

38
Q

Describe the components of the Endospore stain

A

dye is forced by heat into resistant bodies that distinguish between spores and vegetative cells; significant in identifying gram positive, spore-forming members

39
Q

What are special stains? Name two and what they do

A

they are used to emphasize cell parts that are not revealed by conventional staining methods; capsule staining observes the microbial capsule, flagellar staining reveals tiny, slender filaments used for locomotion

40
Q

What does an Electron Microscopy do?

A

uses electrons instead of light and requires special techniques

41
Q

What does a Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM) do?

A

thin sectioning, shadow casting, negative staining, freeze etching

42
Q

What does Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) do?

A

shows surface structure

43
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

the science of identification, classification, and nomenclature

44
Q

What is Systematics?

A

the study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships

45
Q

What is Phylogeny?

A

Evolutionary history of a group of organisms inferred indirectly from nucleotide sequence data

46
Q

What are Molecular clocks? What is a major assumption of it?

A

certain genes and proteins that are measures of evolutionary change; nucleotide changes occur at a constant rate, generally neutral, and random

47
Q

Archaea are more closely related to _______ than _______.

A

eukarya; bacteria

48
Q

Eukaryotic microorganisms were the ancestors of….

A

multicellular organisms

49
Q

Describe the cell membrane

A

semi-permeable lipoprotein structure located inside the cell wall with little mechanical strength and is a permeability barrier; 75-100 A in thickness

50
Q

What are membrane proteins?

A

Outer surface of cytoplasmic membrane that interacts with a variety of proteins that bind substances or process large molecules for transport and involve energy-yielding reactions

51
Q

What are integral membrane proteins?

A

firmly embedded in the membrane

52
Q

What are peripheral membrane proteins?

A

one portion anchored in the membrane

53
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

complex mixture of sugars, amino acids, and salts that serve as a pool for building blocks for cell synthesis or sources of energy; 70-80% water

54
Q

Where is most of the hereditary material of most bacteria?

A

in the nucleoid and contains 1 DNA ad Ca++ and Mg++

55
Q

What are plasmids?

A

nonessential pieces of DNA that have protective traits like drug resistance and toxin and enzyme production

56
Q

Describe ribosomes

A

composed of rRNA and proteins with large and small unit and is the site of protein synthesis

57
Q

What are peptidoglycan?

A

a rigid crosslinked network outside the cell membrane that provide protection from osmotic lysis and determine cell shape

58
Q

Describe a Gram positive cell wall

A

thick peptidoglycan and lack lipopolysaccharide layer and has a peptide bridge, teichoic acids on the outside of the wall , and uses treatment with lysozyme yields protoplasts

59
Q

Describe a Gram negative cell wall

A

direct cross linking thin peptidoglycan composed of outer and inner layer and treatment with lysozyme yields spheroplasts

60
Q

Name two prokaryotes that lack cell walls

A

mycoplasmas and thermoplasma

61
Q

What is the S layer?

A

single layers of thousands of copies of a single protein linked together that only produce when bacteria are in hostile environments

62
Q

Describe the slime layer (capsule, glycocalyx)

A

produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae that varies in thickness, density, and adherence; gel-like structure composed of complex polysaccharides, nitrogen containing compounds and polypeptides that prevents desiccation resist phagocytosis and bacteriophages, and aid in attachement

63
Q

What is Sporulation?

A

when conditions become unfavorable

64
Q

What is germination?

A

when favorable conditions return

65
Q

What are bacterial endospores?

A

resistant to heat, drying, chemical disinfection, stains, and radiation

66
Q

What is bacterial flagella and what does it do?

A

a helical structure composed of protein flagellin that rotates a hook that causes motion and aids in motility; polar, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, and peritrichous

67
Q

What is gliding motility?

A

flagella-independent movement that typically occurs along long axis of cell that requires surface contact

68
Q

Chemotaxis is…

A

movement across a chemical gradient

69
Q

Phototaxis is…

A

movement across a light gradient

70
Q

Aerotaxis…

A

repsonse to oxygen

71
Q

What is Fimbriae?

A

a short straight filamentous protein structures on surface of cell that help organisms stick

72
Q

What is Pili?

A

short straight filamentous hollow protein structure on surface of cell that allows DNA transfer between bacteria

73
Q

What is a gas vesicle?

A

found in cyanobacteria and is a spindle shaped structure that is composed of only protein and is very rigid

74
Q

Name 6 inclusion bodies

A

PHB, glycogen, polyphosphate, carbonate minerals, sulfur, magnetosomes

Microbiology (18 decks)

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