microscopic

Question 1

formed elements

Answer 1

cells
casts
crystals
mucus

Question 2

blood indicates

Answer 2

RBCs and RBC casts

Question 3

protein indicates

Answer 3

casts, cells

Question 4

nitrite indicate

Answer 4

bacteria

Question 5

glucose indicates

Answer 5

yeast

Question 6

less urine=

Answer 6

less sediment

make sure to spin down specimen

Question 7

examination tech

Answer 7

brightfield- standard

polarizing- birefringent

Question 8

Hematuria

Answer 8

dysmorphic rbc associated= glomerular damage

normal rbc= recent damage

Question 9

most important WBC to ID

Answer 9

granulocytes

Question 10

eosionophils require staining in

Answer 10

acute DI interstitial nephritis

Question 11

correlation for WBC

Answer 11

+ leukocyte
+nitrite
hazy turbid

Question 12

large numbers of epis indicate

Answer 12

irritation or infection

Question 13

correlation for squamous epi

Answer 13

hazy turbid urine

report average for 5 LPF

Question 14

what can transitional cells indicate

Answer 14

infection, irritation higher in tract, or catheter placement

Question 15

correlates with transitional epi

Answer 15

hazy turbid urine
elevated squamous
blood +

Question 16

highly significant cell found

Answer 16

renal tubular epi

suggest glomerular disease, acute tubular necrosis

Question 17

renal tubular epi

Answer 17

higher N:C ration
-help reabsorb substances

Question 18

RTE with large amounts of fat called

Answer 18

oval fat bodies

if a lot of cholesterol= maltese cross under polarized

Question 19

oval fat bodies associated with

Answer 19

nephrotic syndrome, lipid storage, diabetes

stain in sudan oil

Question 20

RTE correlates

Answer 20

hazy turbid
protein+
blood +
bili+
lipid droplets

Question 21

bacteria presence indicates

Answer 21

UTI

Question 22

bacteria correlates

Answer 22

leukocyte +
nitrite +
alkaline pH
mucous

Question 23

where is yeast commonly found

Answer 23

diabetic patient because yeast rapidly ferment glucose

Question 24

most common parasite found in urine

Answer 24

trichomonas

needs to be unrefrigerated
need to ID motile

Question 25

when is sperm found

Answer 25

men who recently ejaculated

Question 26

when is sperm clinically significant

Answer 26

retrograde emission - semen ejected in bladder during ejack. or infertility

Question 27

correlates sperm

Answer 27

protein +

Question 28

make sure if sperm found in minor

Answer 28

to report

Question 29

what is mucous

Answer 29

threads of protein - uromodulin no significance protein +

Question 30

what is a cast

Answer 30

precipitated protein that holds shape of convoluted tubules

Question 31

hyaline casts made of

Answer 31

uromodulin small amount may be present after exercise or stress large amounts- glomerulonephritis, blah

Question 32

how do hyaline cast get missed

Answer 32

high light, low contrast

Question 33

how to report hyaline casts

Answer 33

average number for low power field -insept at high

Question 34

granular casts formed

Answer 34

lysozyme excreted by RTE's into hyaline casts or degrading cellular casts

Question 35

what is granular cast associated with

Answer 35

tubular interstital disease and graft rejection

Question 36

all casts how to report

Answer 36

count average in 5 low power, but confirm on high

Question 37

waxy casts

Answer 37

granular casts degrade into waxy -jagged edges or tears associated with renal failure highly significant

Question 38

rbc cast

Answer 38

rbc trapped in cast from glomerulus associated with glomerulonephritis significant!!

Question 39

if find a rbc cast with lipid or protein think

Answer 39

nephrotic syndrome

Question 40

wbc casts

Answer 40

wbc trapped in cast from nephron and suggest inflammation of upper urinary tract

Question 41

bacterial cast

Answer 41

bacteria trapped in matrix -pyelonephritis correlates with + leukocyte esterase

Question 42

epithelial cast

Answer 42

RTE cells present in cast matrix -same disorders as RTE cells highly significant

Question 43

fatty casts

Answer 43

lipid droplets or oval fat bodies trapped in cast associated with nephrotic syndrome, toxic tubular necrosis, diabetes, crush injuries highly significant

Question 44

what does fatty cast not stain with

Answer 44

sternheimer-malbin stains

Question 45

mixed cellular cast

Answer 45

more than one cellular element trapped in cast

Question 46

crystal formation is dependent on

Answer 46

temp and pH

Question 47

best urine to observe crystals

Answer 47

fresh unpreserved

Question 48

uric acid

Answer 48

normal crystal -acidic -rhomboid shape can be increased in gout - correlate with serum uric acid

Question 49

amorphous uric acid

Answer 49

brownish or pink

Question 50

calcium oxalate

Answer 50

-normal crystal -acidic renal calculi -tomatoes kidney stones are this

Question 51

calcium oxalate form

Answer 51

dihydrate shape is envelope

Question 52

what form of calcium oxalate associated with antifreeze poisoning

Answer 52

monohydrate dumbell

Question 53

triple phosphate

Answer 53

-normal crystal -alkaline coffin lid

Question 54

calcium phosphate crystal

Answer 54

alkaline urine -so many shapes; rosettes

Question 55

what can calcium phosphate crystals dissolve in

Answer 55

weak acetic acid

Question 56

calcium carbonate crystal

Answer 56

alkaline urine oblong dumbell shape

Question 57

ammonium biurate

Answer 57

thorny apple -old urines : means urine is unacceptable normal crystal

Question 58

cystine crystal

Answer 58

abnormal seen in cystinuria: cystine can't be reabsorbed by renal tubule kidney stones from young age

Question 59

how to confirm cystine crystals

Answer 59

cyanide- nitroprusside test

Question 60

shape of cystine crystals

Answer 60

thick, hexagonal crystals

Question 61

tyrosine crystals

Answer 61

abnormal liver disorders and inborn aminoacidopathies found with leucine

Question 62

shape of tyrosine crystal

Answer 62

fine needles

Question 63

leucine crystal

Answer 63

abnormla liver disorders tree stump

Question 64

bilirubin crystals

Answer 64

abnormal liver disorders dark amber rosettes

Question 65

cholesterol crystal

Answer 65

seen with lipiduria oval fat bodies notched corners

Question 66

starch granules have

Answer 66

pseduo-maltese cross