Microscopic Anatomy Overview

Question 1

Cytology

Answer 1

Cells

Question 2

Histology

Answer 2

Tissues

Question 3

Organology

Answer 3

Organs

Question 4

Histological specimen preparation steps

Answer 4

• Fixation
• Dehydration
• Infiltration and embedding
• Sectioning
• Staining

Question 5

Fixation

Answer 5

Tissue at room temperature will decay, need to preserve it

Question 6

Dehydration

Answer 6

Need to get rid of the water, replace water with organic solvent like alcohol

Question 7

Infiltration and embedding

Answer 7

• May be brittle because of the alcohol
• Replace alcohol with a medium to form a stable block of thick tissue that is not decaying or dehydrating

Question 8

Sectioning

Answer 8

Cut it so light can go through it

Question 9

Staining

Answer 9

Adds contrast

Question 10

Microscopy/imaging

Answer 10

Look at it

Question 11

Hematoxylin

Answer 11

Binds to negatively charged components of the cell, ​​nucleic acids

Question 12

What are examples of nucleic acids that hematoxylin binds to?

Answer 12

• Nuclear chromatin
• Nucleolus
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Ribosomes

Question 13

Basophilic

Answer 13

Base loving, structures that stain blue/purple with hematoxylin

Question 14

Eosin

Answer 14

Binds to positively charged or neutral components of the cell, proteins

Question 15

What are examples of proteins that eosin binds to?

Answer 15

• Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasmic filaments
• Mitochondria
• Secretory vesicles
• Collagen fibers

Question 16

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Answer 16

• Illumination source is a beam of electrons through a vacuum
• Black and white, 2D

Question 17

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Answer 17

• Specimen coated with a thin layer of metal that electrons bounce off of
• Is scanned by lense
• Reflected electrons gather to produce the image on a screen
• 3D

Question 18

Artifacts

Answer 18

Any alteration of normal morphological or cytological features of cells or tissues

Question 19

Examples of artifacts

Answer 19

• Tissue shrinkage
• Redistribution of cell structures
• Loss of cell components
• Extraction of cellular contents
• Mechanical consequences of sectioning

Question 20

Stroma

Answer 20

The supportive framework of an organ, usually composed of connective tissue

Question 21

Parenchyma

Answer 21

Functional tissue of an organ, cells

Question 22

Lumen

Answer 22

Cavity or channel within a tube or hollow organ

Question 23

Medulla

Answer 23

Inner core of an organ

Question 24

Cortex

Answer 24

Outer portion of an organ

Question 25

Proximal

Answer 25

Towards the center or point of origin

Question 26

Distal

Answer 26

Away from the center or point of origin

Question 27

Superficial

Answer 27

Towards the outside of the body or organ

Question 28

Deep

Answer 28

Towards the inside of the body or organ

Question 29

Basal

Answer 29

Towards the base

Question 30

Apical

Answer 30

Towards the tip

Question 31

Cross section/transverse section

Answer 31

Cut in half

Question 32

Longitudinal section

Answer 32

Cut on long axis

Question 33

Oblique section

Answer 33

Angled

Question 34

Cells vary in...

Answer 34

- Size - Shape - Internal structure - Function - Turnover rate

Question 35

What cells lack nuclei

Answer 35

RBCs

Question 36

What cells have more than one nucleus?

Answer 36

Cementoblast

Question 37

Nucleus

Answer 37

- Governs cell structure and function - Contains hereditary material: DNA - Produces ribosomes (rRna) and messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 38

Chromatin

Answer 38

Coiled strands of DNA and protein

Question 39

Euchromatin

Answer 39

- Looser coiled chromatin - Easier to copy - Lighter areas within nucleus

Question 40

Heterochromatin

Answer 40

- Tightly coiled - Electron dense - Are dark spots on images

Question 41

Active nucleus

Answer 41

- Pale staining - Has more euchromatic - Probably being transcribed into RNA

Question 42

Inactive nucleus

Answer 42

- Dark staining - Heterochromatic - Not dead - Chromatin is crumpled up

Question 43

Nucleolus

Answer 43

- Site of ribosome production - Site of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis

Question 44

Is the nucleolus well developed in active or inactive nuclei?

Answer 44

Active

Question 45

Nuclear envelope

Answer 45

- Surrounds the nucleus - Double membrane

Question 46

Nuclear pores

Answer 46

For messenger RNA to leave nucleus and for things to come in

Question 47

Plasma membrane

Answer 47

Forms semipermeable barrier at the cell surface to regulate the passage of large or charged molecules

Question 48

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 48

Two phospholipids together

Question 49

Passive transport

Answer 49

No energy

Question 50

Simple diffusion

Answer 50

High to low flow, no help needed

Question 51

Carrier protein

Answer 51

- Can be active or passive based on if energy is needed - Gate like structure

Question 52

Active transport

Answer 52

Energy required

Question 53

Channel protein

Answer 53

Opens up to allow certain things through