Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Endocrinology Y2 > Microvascular Complications > Flashcards

Microvascular Complications Flashcards

(52 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

KEY SITES OF MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS: (3)

A
  1. Retinal arteries (eyes)
  2. Glomerular arterioles (kidneys)
  3. Vasa nervorum (tiny blood vessels that supply the nerves)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE RISK/SEVERITY OF COMPLICATIONS: (5)

A
  • Severity of hyperglycaemia
  • Hypertension
  • Genetics
  • Hyperglycaemic memory
  • Tissue damage through originally reversible and later irreversible alterations in protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is hyperglycaemic memory

A

How well controlled your glucose has been from the onset of the diabetes- it does not matter if you now have good control, you will still see repercussions if you had poor control at the start

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the main cause of blindness in people of working age

A

Diabetic retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is 1st stage diabetic retinopathy known as:

A

Background retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is 2nd stage diabetic retinopathy known as:

A

pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is 3rd stage diabetic retinopathy known as

A

proliferative retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Are microvascular complications reversible?

A

To an extent, then you’ve fucked it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens in 1st stage diabetic retinopathy (3)

A
  • Hard exudates (cheese coloured lipid deposits)
  • Microaneurysms (‘dots’)
  • Blot haemorrhages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens in 2nd stage diabetic retinopathy (3)

A
  • Cotton wool spots, also called soft exudates

- Represent retinal ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens in 3rd stage diabetic retinopathy (3)

A
  • Visible new vessels on disk or elsewhere in retina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is maculopathy

A

a specific type of retinopathy that effects the macula, involved in colour vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the macula do

A

involved in colour vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens in maculopathy (3)

A
  • Hard exudates near the macula
  • Same as retinopathy but located around macula
  • Can threaten direct vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC BACKGROUND RETINOPATHY (3)

A
  • Improve glucose control
  • Warn patient that warnings signs are present
  • Retinal screening annually
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC PRE-PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY

A
  • Treatment= PAN RETINAL PHOTOCOAGULATION- burn off parts of the retina using lasers- prevents new vessels forming
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does PRE-PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY show

A

Suggests general ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens if nothing is done in PRE-PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY

A

New vessels will grow due to ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC PRE-PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY

A
  • URGENT pan retinal photocoagulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC MACULOPATHY

A

Needs only a GRID of photocoagulation- not PAN retinal, just on the macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Features of diabetic nephropathy?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Hypertension
  • Progressively increasing proteinuria
  • Progressively deteriorating kidney function
  • Classic histological features
22
Q

 People tend to die from X problems following this as diabetic nephropathy increases your risk of X problems hugely

Study These Flashcards
A

cardiovascular

CVS

23
Q

Histological features in the glomerular cells of kidney in diabetic nephropathy (3)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Mesangial expansion
  • Basement membrane thickening
  • Glomerulosclerosis
24
Q

Incidence of diabetic nephropathy in T1DM?

Study These Flashcards
A

20-40% by 30-40 years

25
Incidence of diabetic nephropathy in T2DM?
20-40% by 30-40 years
26
Difference between T1 and T2DM in epidemiology? (3)
1. T2DM is developed at a later age 2. Racial factors impact nephropathy risk 3. Loss due to cardiovascular morbidity (they die from macrovascular disease)
27
CLINICAL FEATURES OF DN: (3)
- Progressive proteinuria- use a urine dipstick (nephrotic range >3000mg/24hr) - Increased BP - Deranged renal function
28
STRATEGIES FOR INTERVENTION FOR DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY: (4)
- Control of the diabetes - Blood pressure control- Antihypertensive treatment - Inhibition of the RAAS system- ACE inhibitors - Cessation of smoking
29
most common cause of neuropathy and therefore of limb amputation in the world is...
Diabetes
30
vasa nervorum are...
Small vessels supplying nerves
31
- Small vessels supplying nerves are called ....
vasa nervorum
32
- Neuropathy results when....
vasa nervorum get blocked
33
FEATURES OF DIABETIC NEUROPATHY: (6)
- Peripheral neuropathy - Mononeuropathy (1 nerve effected) - Mononeuritis multiplex (multiple nerves) - Radiculopathy (dermatomes effected) - Autonomic neuropathy - Diabetic Amyotrophy (part of the muscle effected)
34
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY IS MOST COMMON IN...
Longest nerves supplying feet
35
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY causes a...
loss of sensation in patients
36
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY is more common in...
tall people | Patients with poor glucose control
37
The danger in PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY is....
Danger is that patients will not sense an injury to the foot
38
WE TEST SENSATION IN FEET USING ....
MONOFILAMENT EXAMINATION
39
What is Charcot’s joint
- Multiple fractures on foot x-ray to diagnose
40
What is MONONEUROPATHY
- Usually sudden motor loss
41
Which areas are usually affected by MONONEUROPATHY
- Wrist drop, foot drop - Cranial nerve palsy - Double vision due to 3rd nerve palsy
42
What is PUPIL SPARING 3rd NERVE PALSY
- Eye is usually “DOWN AND OUT” - (6th nerve pulls eye out and 4th nerve pulls it down) - Pupil DOES respond to light
43
In 3rd nerve palsy, if pupil is spared, it’s X or Y, if it’s not spared, it’s probably Z
X - diabetes Y - a vascular disease Z - a compressive lesion
44
Why is the pupil spared in diabetic neuropathy and not a compressive lesion
PS fibres controlling constriction run on the outside of the optic nerve, and are less easily blocked. However a compressive lesion will block this
45
MONONEURITIS MULTIPLEX is....?
- A random combination of peripheral nerve lesions
46
RADICULOPATHY is...?
- Pain over spinal nerves, usually affecting a dermatome on the abdomen or chest wall
47
AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY is...?
- Loss of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to GI tract, bladder, cardiovascular system
48
AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY effects on GI tract? (4)
Difficulty swallowing Delayed gastric emptying Constripation/nocturnal diarrhoea Bladder dysfunction
49
AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY effects on CVS? (2)
Postural hypotension- can be disabling Collapsing on standing Cardiac autonomic supply Case reports of sudden cardiac death
50
TESTING FOR AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY:
- Measure changes in HR in response to VALSALVA MANOEVRE - Normally there is a change in HR - Look at ECG and compare R-R intervals
51
What is vasalva manouvre?
Breathing out with a closed mouth and pinched shut nose
52
What is vasalva manouvre?
Breathing out with a closed mouth and pinched shut nose. normally there is an increase in HR

Endocrinology Y2 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions