Micturition and Urinalysis

Question 1

what aninakls secrtee calcium carbonate in urine?

Answer 1

horses, hamsters

Question 2

problem with calcium carbonate being excreted in urine?

Answer 2

crystals can build up so horses produce mucus - so urine is slightly thicker

Question 3

where does the ureter enter?

Answer 3

enters at proximal angles of bladder trigone

Question 4

oblique path of ureter against bladder wall creates?

Answer 4

creates valve like entry
reduces urinary reflux and damage

Question 5

bladder walls?

Answer 5

layers of smooth muscle layers in the walls

Question 6

rugae of the bladder?

Answer 6

stretches of the transitional epithelium lining (internal layer) allows capacity increase
reduce back-pressure on the kidney - maintain GFR

Question 7

bladder neck has?

Answer 7

it has thickened musculature - IUS

Question 8

striated fibres of the bladder create?

Answer 8

create the EUS and is under voluntary control

Question 9

which nervous system innervates the bladder?

Answer 9

autonomic nervous system

Question 10

what nerve endings does the bladder wall have?

Answer 10

it has stretch-sensitive nerve endings

Question 11

position of the bladder upon examination is dependent on?

Answer 11

how full it is

Question 12

bladder entry where?

Answer 12

through detrusor muscle in bladder trigone

Question 13

contractions of the muscle cells in the wall of the renal pelvis do what?

Answer 13

it forces urine produced out to the ureters into the bladder which allows the bladder to slowly fill up as there is no sphincter

Question 14

as bladder fills up and pressure increases - what happens to ureters?

Answer 14

they get compressed at the point they enter bladder

Question 15

what does the IUS do?

Answer 15

it keeps urethral opening closed as long as pressure in bladder is not high

Question 16

when bladder fills what is stimulated?

Answer 16

stimulates stretch nerve endings - due time, detrusor muscle contracts

Question 17

what are the two positive feedback mechanisms for bladder emptying?

Answer 17

1. detrusor contracts, pressure in bladder increases, IUS opens, more tension at neck of bladder - stops the contraction of EUS
2. urine flow stimulates sensory cells in urethra, increases activity of parasympathetic fibres to detrusor muscle –> to increase contraction

Question 18

what is the main function of renal autoregulation?

Answer 18

prevent too many changes to the filtration rate

Question 19

what positive feedback process takes place after urine starts to be voided?

Answer 19

increases activity in the parasympathetic fibres to the detrusor muscle - causes the bladder to empty fully

Question 20

In newborn and untrained animals - urination is largely what type of reflex?

Answer 20

a spinal reflex

Question 21

if the bladder gets too full, what happens to control?

Answer 21

cerebral control gets overridden if the bladder gets too full

Question 22

provocation of urination?

Answer 22

large animals - whistling, stimulation of vulva
ruminants - stress induced urination - very common
small animal - trans-abdominal compression

Question 23

for urinalysis - what to look for?

Answer 23

assessment of colour and turbidity (cloudiness)
measurement of specific gravity (conc)
measurement of pH (acidity) and chemical components
Microscopic examination of the cells and sediments

Question 24

species variation for appearance of urine: rabbits, horses, guineas?

Answer 24

they have naturally occurring cloudy urine

Question 25

species variation for appearance of urine: rabbits, guineas?

Answer 25

can be discoloured but is still normal

Question 26

what can cause discolouration of urine?

Answer 26

diet, stress, dehydration can cause discolouration e.g. beetroot, carrots

Question 27

more dilute urine?

Answer 27

lower the number for measure of specific gravity

Question 28

urine collection techniques?

Answer 28

free catch manual expression catheterisation cystocentesis

Question 29

problems with free catch strategy?

Answer 29

different species - variation? storage? midstream, clean?

Question 30

problems with manual expression strategy?

Answer 30

safety? blockage? gender? possibility for contamination with debris

Question 31

problems with catheterisation strategy?

Answer 31

sedation? contamination? blockage? potential contamination as well JUST USE FINGERS DO NOT USE FORCEPS

Question 32

problems with cystocentesis strategy?

Answer 32

sedation? safety? clean?

Question 33

ram blocked?

Answer 33

same as tom cat treatment

Question 34

free catch sample?

Answer 34

let the owner collect as the animal urinates sometimes microbial growth can occur and increased risk of contamination

Question 35

cystocentesis?

Answer 35

stick needle into bladder and get urine, this is sterile - however possible blood contamination put needle in as close to body or sphincter end as bladder is less likely to contract off of the needle and create a bigger gap

Question 36

Dipstick analysis?

Answer 36

using urine strip, dip w/ pipet or dip into urine specimen test pathological colour changes vs normal colour change read results based on the colour

Question 37

urine specific gravity is measured using a?

Answer 37

using a refractometer

Question 38

what does urine specific gravity evaluate?

Answer 38

it evaluates renal function by assessing whether water is being excreted or conserved appropriately, according to need

Question 39

what does urine specific gravity provide an approximate guide to?

Answer 39

to urinary solute concentration that is sufficiently accurate for clinical purposes

Question 40

to know if concentration is inappropriate, what do you need to know?

Answer 40

need to know hydration status

Question 41

concentrated urine?

Answer 41

USG > 1.030 (dog) or >1.035 (cat)

Question 42

dilute urine?

Answer 42

USG < 1.008

Question 43

moderately concentrated urine?

Answer 43

USG 1.013 to 1.029 (dog) or 1.034 (cat)

Question 44

inappropriately dilute urine:

Answer 44

USG < 1.030 (dog) or <1.035 (cat) in a dehydrated animal

Question 45

Isosthenuria?

Answer 45

USG 1.008 to 1.012

Question 46

microscopy examination of urine?

Answer 46

observe urine under a microscope to examine cells and crystals sedimentation will produce better finding potentially able to identify type of bladder calculi based on type of crystal staining can be used to assist with making things clearer / always look first before staining