Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Structure & Function 5 > Renal Physiology - Glomerular Filtration > Flashcards

Renal Physiology - Glomerular Filtration Flashcards

(91 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

where are the kidneys found?

A

found in cranio-dorsal abdomen - the right is typically more cranial than left but left is more mobile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

meaning of retroperitoneal?

A

means sitting behind the peritoneum - or dorsal in domestic animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What three areas is the kidney composed of?

A

cortex, medulla and pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the cortex of the kidney contain?

A

contains glomerulus (glomeruli), proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the medulla of the kidney contain?

A

loop of Henle and collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where does the pelvis of the kidney feed into?

A

feeds into ureters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what shapes is the renal medulla formed from?

A

formed of pyramid shaped areas - called renal pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

functional unit of the kidney is?

A

the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many nephrons does each renal pyramid contain?

A

contains approx 100,000 nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A nephron can be divided into?

A

the renal corpuscle
the tubular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the renal corpuscle contain?

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the tubular system of the kidney?

A

fluid-filled tubes made from a single epithelial layer and associated vascular supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the vascular components of the nephrons?

A

(Renal artery)
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular Capillaries
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries (Vasa Recta)
(Renal vein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the tubular components of each nephron?

A

Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

A WET BED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does A stand for in the A WET BED analogy for the functions of the kidney?

A

Acid-base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does W stand for in the A WET BED analogy for the functions of the kidney?

A

Water balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does E stand for in the A WET BED analogy for the functions of the kidney?

A

Electrolyte balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does T stand for in the A WET BED analogy for the functions of the kidney?

A

Toxin removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does B stand for in the A WET BED analogy for the functions of the kidney?

A

Blood pressure control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does E stand for in the A WET BED analogy for the functions of the kidney?

A

Erythropoietin synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does D stand for in the A WET BED analogy for the functions of the kidney?

A

D - Vitamin D3 conversion from calcidiol to calcitriol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the kidney’s function for the acid-base balance:

A

Contributing to the acid-base balance by varying urinary excretion of H+ and bicarbonates (HCO3-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the water balance function of the kidney:

A

Stabilising the volume of the extracellular fluid
either through direct absorption in the permeable regions of the tubule or via the insertion of aquaporin channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
for the water balance function of the kidneys - how do counter-current mechanisms help?
counter-current mechanisms in nephron helps preservation of water and the formation of concentrated urine
26
What toxins does the kidney remove for its toxin removal function?
removes metabolic waste from the blood such as urea Removes foreign substances from the blood e.g. antibiotics, beta blockers, diuretics, histamine (H2) blockers (e.g. ranitidine, cimetidine) Toxins and food additives
27
why is renin produced?
in order to maintain blood pressure
28
when renin is produced, what is it part of?
part of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system RAAS
29
Describe the blood pressure control function of the kidney:
production of erythropoietin in response to hypoxia --> erythrocytes produced by cells within interstitium of cortex
30
what is calcitriol?
active form of vitamin D
31
what cells perform the production of calcitriol?
performed by cells located in the proximal tubules of the nephron
32
most renal functions are achieved through three processes - what are these processes?
filtration of plasma reabsorption of solutes and water secretion of substances
33
filtration of plasma is achieved by?
achieved by the renal corpuscle (composed of glomerulus and Bowman's capsule)
34
reabsorption of solutes and water is achieved by?
achieved by the proximal and distal tubules and the collecting duct
35
what is secretion of substances achieve by?
by tubular cells
36
what does the glomerulus of the nephron do?
filters the blood
37
what does the proximal tubule of the nephron do?
reabsorbs most filtered water and solutes
38
what do the thin limbs of Henle's loop of the nephron do?
maintains medullary hypertonicity
39
what does the thick ascending limb of the nephron do?
reabsorbs Na+, K+ and Cl-, dilutes tubule fluid and generates medullary hypertonicity
40
what does the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron do?
reabsorbs Na+, Cl- and divalent cations, dilutes tubule fluid
41
what does the connecting segment of the nephron do?
regulates acid, HCO3-, ammonia, Ca2+, Na+, K+ and H2O secretion
42
what does the cortical collecting duct of the nephron do?
regulates acid, HCO3-, ammonia, Ca2+, Na+, K+ and H2O secretion
43
what does the outer medullary collecting duct of the nephron do?
regulates acid, ammonia, Na+, K+ and water excretion
44
what does the inner medullary collecting duct of the nephron do?
regulates water, urea and acid excretion
45
what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
it regulates glomerular filtration rate and systemic blood pressure
46
The glomerulus is composed of how many layers?
3
47
what are the three layers that the glomerulus is composed of?
endothelium of glomerular capillaries basement membrane/basal lamina (glycoproteins and collagen) Epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule (podocytes)
48
what do the three layers of the glomerulus serve as?
serve as a sieve/filtration barrier that has selective permeability
49
how is the endothelium of the glomerulus acting as a filter?
pores/fenestrae mean that solutes, plasma proteins and fluid can pass through BUT blood cells cannot
50
how does the basement membrane/basal lamina of the glomerulus act as a filter?
it is a gelatinous matrix of glycoproteins and collagen that restrict plasma proteins from flowing out
51
how do the epithelial podocytes of the glomerulus act as a filter?
wrapped around capillaries gaps between 'feet' (podo=feet) or slit pores serve as further barrier to proteins
52
movement of protein is also prevented by - through the glomerulus?
prevented by charge - plasma proteins are negative as is filter therefore protein in urine is always pathological
53
What is the glomerular filtration rate - GFR defined as?
defined as Quality of plasma (mL) filtered per min per kg of bodyweight through all glomeruli (mL/min/kg)
54
rate of GFR?
it is constant throughout life but decreases in renal disease
55
how is GFR kept constant?
kidney will secrete renin to contribute to RAAS and keep systemic BP relatively constant
56
what does GFR vary depending on?
varies depending on mass (more in smaller animals) *Cat (example 3.64 ±0.13 mL/min/kg) *Dog (example 2.9 ±0.3 mL/min/kg) *Horse (example 1.55 ±0.42 mL/min/kg)
57
haematocrit?
percentage of red blood cells in your blood
58
GFR determined by?
balance of forces that favour or oppose filtration
59
GFR - forces that affect it?
difference in hydrostatic pressure on two side of the filter different in protein-osmotic pressure on two sides of filter
60
difference in hydrostatic pressure on two side of the filter?
blood pressure within glomerular capillaries fluid pressure within Bowman's space
61
different in protein-osmotic pressure on two sides of filter?
protein in blood within glomerular capillaries protein in fluid within Bowman's space
62
how is hydrostatic pressure decreased?
constriction of the afferent arterioles decreases blood flow and decreases hydrostatic pressure THEREFORE GFR is reduced
63
how is GFR controllled?
by varying the hydrostatic pressure
64
what happens in order to increase hydrostatic pressure?
constriction of the efferent arterioles also decreases blood flow but increases hydrostatic pressure
65
when hydrostatic pressure increases, what happens to the GFR?
it remains almost unchanged as the decreased blood flow has an opposing effect to the increase in hydrostatic pressure
66
factors affecting GFR can be represented by what formula?
by Starling's formula GFR = Kf(AP) - A(pi)p A = triangle
67
effect of glomerular capillary blood pressure?
favours filtration
68
effect of plasma-colloid osmotic pressure?
opposes filtration
69
effect of Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure?
oppose filtration
70
effect of net filtration pressure?
favours filtration
71
physiological factors affecting GFR?
autoregulation (intrinsic) angiotensin II (extrinsic) sympathetic nervous system (extrinsic)
72
what do the physiological factors that affect GFR do?
factors adjust the renal blood flow and/or hydrostatic pressure
73
what is renal autoregulation?
the ability of the kidney to regulate its own blood flow
74
functions of renal autoregulation?
prevent large changes in GFR and urine output Protect fragile glomerular capillaries
75
Blood flow (Q) =
change in arterial pressure (AP) / Afferent arteriole resistance (R) Q = AP/R
76
relate the definition of renal autoregulation to the Q=AP/R equation?
it is the kidney's ability to change R so that Q is maintained despite changes in P
77
effect of variations in arterial blood pressure on kidneys and GFR?
Variations in arterial blood pressure between 80-200 mmHg have little effect on perfusion of the kidneys and GFR
78
What arteriole does renal autoregulation involve?
involves only the afferent arteriole not the efferent
79
what two mechanisms help renal autoregulation be achieved?
myogenic response tubulo-glomerular feedback
80
What is the myogenic response?
Arterial pressure increases Afferent arteriole wall stretches under increased pressure Vascular smooth muscle cells detect stretch 'Mechanotransduction' leads to depolarisation of the VSMC membrane Activates voltage-gated Ca2+ channels Influx of Ca2+ leads to contraction of the VSMC Afferent arteriole constricts reducing the renal blood flow to the glomerulus
81
where is the distal convoluted tubule located?
it is located in close proximity to afferent arteriole
82
Juxtaglomerular complex?
formed of junction between DCT/ascending loop of Henle and the afferent and efferent arterioles Tubular wall has specialised epithelial cells that form the macula densa Afferent arteriole wall has specialised smooth muscle cells in the wall called granular (juxtaglomerular cells) with renin-containing vesicles
83
Renin produced and release by?
produced and released by the granular juxtaglomerular cells in response to a sustained low pressure
84
what is renin?
an enzyme that converts the precursor angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
85
ACE?
angiotensin converting enzyme in pulmonary capillaries converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
86
effects of angiotensin II?
numerous effects on the body in order to maintain arterial pressure constricts both afferent and efferent arterioles reduces blood flow but maintains GFR
87
what is the RAAS a response to?
response to sustained or prolonged BP drop
88
neural control for the kidneys?
renal arterioles and juxtaglomerular cells innervated by sympathetic nervous system can stimulate arteriole constriction can stimulate renin production similar effects to angiotensin II
89
hormonal control concerning kidneys?
atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that inhibits Na+ reabsorption thereby increasing Na+ loss in urine Produced in the heart and secreted when plasma volume increases, which increases urine production
90
intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms act to?
they act to maintain GFR as best as possible however GFR can be altered by physiological mechanisms
91

Structure & Function 5 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions