mid 1

Question 1

babylons used soap in which year and how did they make it

Answer 1

2800BC
soap by boiling fats with ashes and water

Question 2

cleopatra and soap

Answer 2

bathed in milk high in lactic acid

Question 3

greeks bathed for

Answer 3

aesthetic reasons

Question 4

large scale commercial soap making occured in

Answer 4

late 18th century when the french chemist nicolas leblanc patented a process for soda ash

Question 5

how do skin cleansing products work

Answer 5

facial cleasing products contain surfactants that are used for emulsifying water insoluble ingredients into micelles that can be washed away from the skin
ideally a soap should not interfere with the skins sturcture and function that leads to irritation, dryness, redness and itching
however most soaps do cause a change in the skins structure and barrier function

Question 6

why do surfactants solubilize lipids

Answer 6

surfactants solublize lipids on the skin surface to provide protection and may even extract skin components

Question 7

what happens if surfactant remains in the SC

Answer 7

remains in SC even after rinsing and damages SC structure

Question 8

describe the tendency of surfactnats to damage skin proteins

Answer 8

related to the charge density of the surfactant aggregates

Question 9

chaning the pH may

Answer 9

damage the Sc

Question 10

describe pH of soaps and syndets

Answer 10

soap based cleansers are alkaline in nature whereas syndets ( synthetic based soap cleansers) are close to neutral or slightly acidic

Question 11

ideal characteristics of skin cleansing products

Answer 11

NF SAO
RM CWH
SSM R FPPD
nuetral or pleasant odor and color
easy to rub with good foaming properties
easy to spread
pleasant feeling with aplication
non oily non greasy feeling
leaves no residue
moisturizes the skin while cleansing
non comedogenic
well toerated and non allergenic
hand sanitizers should not dry the skin and kill bacteria and viruses
s
long term stability
smooth texture
no microbial contamination or growth
appropriate rheological properites
appropriate foaming prop
approp performance
approp pH
dermatological safety

Question 12

classification of cleansing pod (4)

Answer 12

chemical nature and mildness
soaps - salts of fatty acids
snthetic surfactants soapless - milder tot he skin PH 7
solvents - alcohols

cleansing principle
chemical cleaning - surfactant emulsifying and dissolving the dirt on the skin, requires water and a rinsing step
physical cleaning - abrasion and friction

foamability
foaming cleansers - sig amt of well foaming surfactants
normal foaming cleansers - LOWER level of well foaming surfatnts
non foaming cleansers - faceial toners, hand sanitizers

product tyope
solid
semi solid
liquid