Mid last 2 Flashcards
What is the main driving force for hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach?*
Diffusion
hydrogen-sodium pump
hydrogen-potassium pump
hydrogen-calcium pump
hydrogen-magnesium pump
hydrogen-potassium pump
Which of the following decreases with emphysema?*
Alveolar Pco2
Cardiac output
Diffusion area
Pulmonary artery pressure
Diffusion area
How are most peptide and amino acid molecules transported through microvilli membrane?*
As result of calcium ion co-transport
As result of potassium ion co-transport
As result of sodium ion co-transport
As result of hydrogen ion co-transport
As result of bicarbonate ion co-transport
As result of sodium ion co-transport
The pleural pressure of a normal 56-year-old woman is approximately −5 cm H2O during resting conditions immediately before inspiration. What is the pleuralpressure (in cm H2O) during inspiration?*
+1
+4
0
−3
−7
−7
What substance(s) have direct effect on the brain stem to control the respiratory center? *
Oxygen
ATP
Glucose
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions
Fatty acids
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions
The resistance of the pulmonary tree is so low that a 1 cm of water pressure gradient is sufficient to cause normal air flow during resting conditions. Which of the following often has a substantial resistance during pulmonary disease states that can limit alveolar ventilation?*
Alveoli
Bronchioles
Large bronchi
Small bronchi
Trachea
Bronchioles
Which neurotransmitter does make gastrointestinal smooth muscle excitable?*
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Glutamate
GABA
Glycine
Acetylcholine
Where does the pacemaker activity for the slow waves of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle originate?*
In gastrointestinal smooth muscles
In gastrointestinal interstitial cells of Cajal
In parasympathetic neurons
In sympathetic neurons
In the enteric nervous system
In gastrointestinal interstitial cells of Cajal
In which compartment of the alimentary tract is the enzyme trypsin released?*
Mouth
Stomach
Esophagus
Duodenum
Colon
Duodenum
Which of the following is the main digestible carbohydrate normally consumed in the human diet?*
Amylose
Cellulose
Maltose
Starch
Starch
Healthy, 25-year-old medical student participates in a 10-km charity run. Which of the following muscles does the student use (contract) during expiration?*
Diaphragm and external intercostals
Diaphragm and internal intercostals
Diaphragm only
Internal intercostals and abdominal recti
Scaleni
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
Internal intercostals and abdominal recti
The basic rhythm of respiration is generated by neurons located in the medulla. Which of the following limits the duration of inspiration and increases respiratory rate?*
Apneustic center
Dorsal respiratory group
Nucleus of the tractus solitarius
Pneumotaxic center
Ventral respiratory group
Pneumotaxic center
At the end of inhalation, with an open glottis, the pleural pressure is*
greater than atmospheric pressure
equal to atmospheric pressure
less than alveolar pressure
equal to alveolar pressure
greater than alveolar pressure
less than alveolar pressure
Where is the respiratory center located in the brain?*
Spinal cord
Midbrain
Medulla oblongata and pons
Cerebellum
Forebrain
Medulla oblongata and pons
When respiratory drive for increased pulmonary ventilation becomes greater than normal, a special set of respiratory neurons that are inactive during normal quiet breathing then becomes active,ccontributing to the respiratory drive. These neurons are located in which of the following structures?*
Apneustic center
Dorsal respiratory group
Nucleus of the tractus solitarius
Pneumotaxic center
Ventral respiratory group
Ventral respiratory group
