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PSYCH 101 > Mid-Term 1 > Flashcards

Mid-Term 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the cons of naturalistic observation?

A

people can act in unnatural ways

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2
Q

List pros and cons of a Case Study.

A

Pro: measure in depth and collect lots of info
Cons: generalizations can be made

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3
Q

List pros and cons of a Survey

A

Pros: find difference in opinions
Cons: response bias

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4
Q

List cons of a Correlational Study.

A

Cons: external factors can contribute, third-variables, does not tell us the cause

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5
Q

List pros and cons of an Experiment.

A

Pros: ONLY way to establish causality
Cons: cannot always assign groups (ex: abused children)

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6
Q

List the types of scales and describe how they measure things.

A
  1. Nominal/categorical: boxes in which people fit
  2. Ordinal: “rate pain 1-10”
  3. Interval: no true zero
  4. Ratio: “how many X do you own?”
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7
Q

What are the 3 measures of central tendency?

A

Mode, mean, and median

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8
Q

What is statistical significance?

A

likelihood that a finding is due to chance

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9
Q

What is a correlation coefficient?

A

statistic the indicates the degree of association between two variable

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10
Q

What is the correlation coefficient scale and what do the values mean?

A

-1.0 to +1.0
Negative: as one goes up, the other goes down
Zero: no association
Positive: both go up and down together

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11
Q

Define scatter plot.

A

visual idea of association

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12
Q

Define correlation.

A

degree of association

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13
Q

Define standard deviation.

A

square root of variance

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14
Q

Define variance

A

average square of deviation of the mean

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15
Q

List steps in writing process!!!

A
  1. Identify question and review literature
  2. Develop hypothesis (w/ operational definitions)
  3. Select a research method and participants. Collect data.
  4. Analyze data. Accept or reject hypothesis.
  5. Publish through peer review. Replicate.
  6. Build a theory
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16
Q

List early methods of studying the brain.

A

Post-mortem studies (autopsies)
Animal models
Case study

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17
Q

List the pros and cons of post mortem studies.

A

Pros: real human tissue
Cons: dead tissue

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18
Q

List the pros and cons of animal models.

A

Pros: real experiment conducted
Cons: ethical dilemma, cannot always generalize to humans

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19
Q

List the pros and cons of studying patients with brain damage (case studies).

A

Pros: Live human model ; can test in multiple ways
Cons: cause not clear

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20
Q

List new methods of studying the brain.

A

CT Scan
EEG
MRI
Positron Emissions Tomography (PET)
Functional MRI (fMRI)

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21
Q

List the pros and cons of a CT scan.

A

Pros: cheap
Cons: poor resolution

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22
Q

List the pros and cons of an EEG.

A

Pros: live measurement, temporal accuracy
Cons: poor localization

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23
Q

List the pros and cons of an MRI.

A

Pros: structural detail
Cons: does not measure function, snapshot in time

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24
Q

List the pros and cons of PET.

A

Pros: can select trace specific to neurotransmitter
Cons: expensive, invasive

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25
List the pros and cons of an fMRI.
Pros: examines activation in real time Cons: expensive
26
List parts of a neuron. (!!!!!!look up functions)
Cell body dendrites axon myelin sheath terminal branches of axon
27
List steps of synaptic transmission.
1. Action potential stimulates synaptic vesicles to move toward and fuse with the terminal button 2. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the interior surface of the terminal button 3. Synaptic vesicles rupture, releasing neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft 4. Neurotransmitters make contact with receptor molecules in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
28
What happens to leftover neurotransmitters in the synapse?
re-uptake - use again degradation - enzymes clean up leftovers
29
Describe Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
autoimmune disease that breaks down myelin causes issues across all systems
30
Describe Schizophrenia.
hear voices and hallucinations Drugs with dopamine tend to decrease symptoms
31
What theory is associated with Schizophrenia. Describe it.
Dopamine Hypothesis: theory that excess dopamine in certain regions of the brain may be associated with disruption in thought processes
32
Describe Parkinson's disease.
Related to death of dopamine cells
33
How do antipsychotics work?
they decrease dopamine. -lose motor function -lack of pleasure
34
How do Parkinson's drugs work? Cons?
El dopa makes more dopamine. Cons: manic symptoms due to increased pleasure, schizophrenia symptoms (paranoia, hearing voices)
35
How do Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors work?
Antidepressant (but do much more! Not just for depression) Inhibits re-uptake of serotonin → increases amount of serotonin in synapse
36
How do Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors work?
Monoamine Oxidase is an enzyme in the brain that “cleans up”/reuptakes norepinephrine → decrease Monoamine Oxidase so there more norepinephrine Potentially dangerous
37
Name 4 neurotransmitters.
Acetylcholine (Ach) Serotonin (5HT) Dopamine (DA) Norepinephrine (NE)
38
Describe function of Acetylcholine (Ach) and what conditions it effects.
This dies in people with ALS, leaving them unable to move Greatly reduced in people with alzheimers
39
What is serotonin (5HT) responsible for?
depression regulation of aggression sleep
40
What is dopamine (DA) responsible for?
pleasure movement thought processes
41
What is Norepinephrine (NE) responsible for?
widely distributed in the brain mood regulation arousal movement
42
What are the 2 divisions of the nervous systems?
Central and peripheral
43
What are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system? What do they do?
Skeletal (voluntary) Autonomic (involuntary / self regulatory)
44
What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system? What do they do?
Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming)
45
What is the spinal cord made out of?
myelinated axons
46
What is the hind brain and what are its functions?
"Hind brain" = reptilian brain Regulates internal processes (heart rate, breathing, etc) Level of arousal
47
What are the parts of the Hind Brain?
Medulla Reticular formation Cerebellum Pons
48
Describe the medulla.
Controls breathing and standing Axons from cells on right cross over and are processed in the left side of the brain and vice versa
49
Describe the reticular formation.
Controls levels of activation
50
Describe the cerebellum.
Helps coordinate movement
51
Describe the pons.
Helps coordinate movement
52
What is spinal reflex?
When some messages never reach the brain
53
What is the mid-brain? What are its functions?
"limbic system" or "old mammalian brain" Allows ability to experience emotions
54
What are the parts of the Mid-brain?
Thalamus Hypothalamus !!! Hippocampus Amygdala !!! Corpus Callosum !!!
55
Function of thalamus?
It is a relay station Info goes in and out
56
Function of Hypothalamus???
Responsible for homeostasis
57
Function of Amygdala???
Sensitive to threats Integrates emotions into memory Emotion processor
58
Function of hippocampus?
Memory
59
Function of Corpus Callosum??? What is it made up of???
Connect left and right hemispheres of the brain Composed of myelinated axons
60
Describe the Forebrain. What is it associated with?
"Cerebral cortices" Size of this is associated with how smart a species is
61
What are the parts of the forebrain???
Grey and white matter Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe
62
Function of the temporal lobe???
Processes hearing Understanding and using language
63
What 2 conditions are associated with damage to Broca's Area? (located in temporal lobe). Describe them.
Receptive Aphasia: "word salad" ; cannot understand language Expressive Aphasia: trouble speaking
64
Function of the occipital lobe???
Visual perception Helps make sense of what we see
65
Function of the frontal lobe??? What happens if damaged?
Emotions and emotional processing Social behavior Ability to plan If damaged, causes emotion regulation issues
66
What are the 2 homunculus? Describe them.
Sensory homunculus: shows how sensitive areas of the body are Motor homunculus: action occurs ( Ex: scratch an itch)
67
What was social darwinism?
Assertion that evolution applied to society and social classes Justified racism, imperialism, eugenics, social inequality Discredited
68
What are 2 biological adaptations for survival?
Fight or flight Tend and Befriend
69
What is the HPA axis? How does it work?
- Responsible for fight or flight 1 Hypothalamus recognizes a threat and releases CRH hormone 2 CRH signals Pituitary gland 3 Pituitary gland releases ACTH hormone to adrenal glands 4 Adrenal glands release cortisol
70
What is an example of motion parallax???
when your on a train, things close to you move fast but when you look far, they seem slow
71
What is an induced motion illusion? Ex?
Tricked by assumptions that background is stationary and object moves Ex: when the moon looks like its moving but its the clouds (Moon Illusion)
72
What is an stroboscopic motion illusion?
perceiving motion in light
73
What does "Gestalt" mean?
"whole figure"
74
What is the Figure-Ground Relationship?
perception process of separating main element(s) from background
75
What are the 4 laws / principles governing parsing????
Similarity Closure Good continuation Proximity
76
What is the law of simplicity / Law of Pragnanz ???
“When more than one organization is possible, you will choose the best, simplest, most stable shape”
77
What the 3 types of Perceptual Constancy?
color shape size
78
What is the fovea?
part of retina with cones

PSYCH 101 (4 decks)

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